Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 1 Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vitamin deficiency (USA)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S. pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Newborns: GBS/E.coli/Listeria monocytogenes

Kids/Teens: S. pneumonia/N.meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HLA-DR3

A

DM type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (associated with HLA-DR5), Addison disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HLA- DR4

A

DM type 1, Rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric malignancies (Adenocarcinoma, MALToma)

A

H. pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystic jirovecci pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobes

A

HSV-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Infections 2ary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus (overall most common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

UTI

A

E.coli, S. saprophytic (young sexually active women)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

C. trachomatis (usually connected with N. gonorrhoeae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nosocomial pneumoniae

A

S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram - rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C. trachomatis, N. gonorrheae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S. aureus, E.coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > kidney, thyroid, lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > melanoma, colon, kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach> pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

S3 heart sound

A

High ventricular filling pressure (ex: mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, trunks arterioles, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, tricuspid atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hypertension, 2dary

A

Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

3ary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Aortic dissection

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium

A

S. aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridian’s streptococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

53
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma

54
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

55
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

56
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/Congenital hypothyroidism

57
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)

58
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

59
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

60
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

61
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

62
Q

Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastronome of duodenum or pancreas), associated with MEN1

63
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

64
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (Increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H secretion)

65
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (Greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

66
Q

Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)

67
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

68
Q

Gastric cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

69
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions in Chron’s disease

70
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

71
Q

Diverticulum in the pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

72
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (Associated with hepatitis B and C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)

73
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

74
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)

75
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

76
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

77
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes”, and high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

78
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

79
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

80
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency

81
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

82
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard- Soulier syndrome ( defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

83
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

84
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric implications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL

85
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

86
Q

t (14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas ( BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

87
Q

t (8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

88
Q

Type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

89
Q

Type of non Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

90
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

91
Q

Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: Child
CLL: Adult >60
AML: Adult +/-65
CML: Adult 45-85

92
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

Leukemia, brain tumors

93
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

94
Q

t (9:22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with ALL

95
Q

Vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (Type I: postmenopausal woman; Type II: elderly man or woman)

96
Q

HLA-B27

A

Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)

97
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

98
Q

Tumor in infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)

99
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

100
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari I malformation

101
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine-B1 deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

102
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

103
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

104
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer disease , multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

105
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

106
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

107
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropin adenoma

108
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: Craniopharyngioma

109
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

110
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Membranous nephropathy

111
Q

Neprhotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

112
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

113
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium - Radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) - radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus and S. saprophyticus)
Uric acid - Radiolucent
Cystine - Faintly radiopaque

114
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

115
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

116
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45 X,0 or 45 X,0/46 XX mosaic)

117
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

118
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

119
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

120
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

121
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

122
Q

Gynecological malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

123
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

124
Q

Breast tumor (benign, young women)

A

Fibroadenoma

125
Q

Breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

126
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), high placental ALP

127
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

Idiopathic, heritable, left hear disease (HF), lung disease (COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA), thromboembolic (PE)

128
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (high risk of thrombosis)

129
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Step 1 Rapid Review (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions