Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Mitochondrial inheritance
A
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
2
Q
Intellectual disability
A
Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome
3
Q
Vitamin deficiency (USA)
A
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
4
Q
Lysosomal storage disease
A
Gaucher disease
5
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S. pneumoniae
6
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Newborns: GBS/E.coli/Listeria monocytogenes
Kids/Teens: S. pneumonia/N.meningitidis
7
Q
HLA-DR3
A
DM type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (associated with HLA-DR5), Addison disease
8
Q
HLA- DR4
A
DM type 1, Rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease
9
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric malignancies (Adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
A
H. pylori
10
Q
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
A
Pneumocystic jirovecci pneumoniae
11
Q
Helminth infection (US)
A
Enterobius vermicularis
12
Q
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobes
A
HSV-1
13
Q
Infections 2ary to blood transfusion
A
Hepatitis C
14
Q
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
A
S. aureus, B. cereus
15
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
S. aureus (overall most common)
16
Q
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
A
Salmonella
17
Q
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
A
Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus
18
Q
UTI
A
E.coli, S. saprophytic (young sexually active women)
19
Q
Sexually transmitted disease
A
C. trachomatis (usually connected with N. gonorrhoeae)
20
Q
Nosocomial pneumoniae
A
S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram - rods
21
Q
Pelvic inflammatory disease
A
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrheae
22
Q
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
A
S. aureus, E.coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)
23
Q
Metastases to bone
A
Prostate, breast > kidney, thyroid, lung
24
Q
Metastases to brain
A
Lung > breast > melanoma, colon, kidney
25
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach> pancreas
26
S3 heart sound
High ventricular filling pressure (ex: mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
27
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
28
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
29
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
30
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
31
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
32
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
33
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
34
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
35
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, trunks arterioles, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, tricuspid atresia
36
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
37
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
38
Hypertension, 2dary
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism
39
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
40
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor
41
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
3ary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
42
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery
43
Aortic dissection
Hypertension
44
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
45
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
46
Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium
S. aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridian's streptococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)
47
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
48
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
49
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
50
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; "ball valve")
51
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
52
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
53
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
54
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
55
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
56
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/Congenital hypothyroidism
57
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
58
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
59
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
60
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
61
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
62
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastronome of duodenum or pancreas), associated with MEN1
63
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
64
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (Increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H secretion)
65
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (Greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
66
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)
67
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
68
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
69
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions in Chron's disease
70
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
71
Diverticulum in the pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
72
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (Associated with hepatitis B and C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)
73
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
74
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
75
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
76
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
77
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes", and high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
78
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
79
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
80
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
81
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
82
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard- Soulier syndrome ( defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
83
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
84
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric implications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
85
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
86
t (14;18)
Follicular lymphomas ( BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
87
t (8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
88
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
89
Type of non Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
90
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
91
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: Child
CLL: Adult >60
AML: Adult +/-65
CML: Adult 45-85
92
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia, brain tumors
93
Death in CML
Blast crisis
94
t (9:22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with ALL
95
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (Type I: postmenopausal woman; Type II: elderly man or woman)
96
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
97
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
98
Tumor in infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
99
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
100
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
101
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine-B1 deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
102
Epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
103
Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
104
Dementia
Alzheimer disease , multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
105
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
106
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
107
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropin adenoma
108
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: Craniopharyngioma
109
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
110
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
111
Neprhotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
112
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
113
Kidney stones
Calcium - Radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) - radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus and S. saprophyticus)
Uric acid - Radiolucent
Cystine - Faintly radiopaque
114
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
115
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
116
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45 X,0 or 45 X,0/46 XX mosaic)
117
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
118
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
119
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
120
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
121
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
122
Gynecological malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
123
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
124
Breast tumor (benign, young women)
Fibroadenoma
125
Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
126
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), high placental ALP
127
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left hear disease (HF), lung disease (COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA), thromboembolic (PE)
128
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (high risk of thrombosis)
129
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
