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Key associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis)

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric acid secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Age ranges for patient with ALL

A

Child

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5
Q

Age ranges for patient with CLL

A

Adult >60

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6
Q

Age ranges for patient with AML

A

Adult around 65

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7
Q

Age ranges for patient with CML

A

Adult 45-85

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8
Q

Alternating lesions of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (crohns disease)

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9
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

Atherosclerosis

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10
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

Tertiary syphilis

vasa vasorum destruction

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11
Q

Aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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12
Q

Aortic dissection

A

Hypertension

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13
Q

Atrophy of mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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14
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell (hemoglobin S)

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15
Q

Bacteria associated with gastric, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies

A

h. pylori

adenocarcinoma and MALToma

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16
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S pneumoniae

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17
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns )

A

GBS
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes

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18
Q

Bacterial meningitis (kids)

A

s. pneumo

n. menigitidis

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19
Q

Bilateral ovarial metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

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20
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor

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21
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (gleoblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

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22
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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23
Q

Breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

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24
Q

Breast mass

A

fibrocystic change

Carcinoma (post-menopausal)

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25
Q

Benign breast tumor in young woman

A

fibroadenoma

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26
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma (often seen in tuberous sclerosis)

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27
Q

Cardiac manifestations of lupus

A

marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (non-bacterial)

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28
Q

Cardiac tumors (adults)

A

metstasis

Myxoma (90% in left atrium, “ball valve”)

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29
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari I malformation

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30
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (high risk of emboli)

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31
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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32
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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33
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

hirsuit (male distribution)
signs of hypoglycemia
renal dysfunction secondary to hypocortisolism and hypoaldosteronism
salt loss
volume depletion
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34
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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35
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

A

“black liver”
Dubin-johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bili into bile)
Autosomal Recessive

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36
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world)
idiopathic
viral illness (developed world)

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37
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit or congenital hypothyroid

severe mental retardation
increased weight and short stature
coarse facial features
large protuding tounge
umbilical hernia
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38
Q

Cushing syndrome

A
  1. Iatrogenic (corticosteroid therapy)
  2. adrenocortical adenoma (secretes cortisol)
  3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushings disease)
  4. Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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39
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of fallot
Transposition of the great vessels
Truncus arteriosus

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40
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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41
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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42
Q

dementia

A 
Alzheimers disease
multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
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43
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

MS

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44
Q

DIC

A 
Severe sepsis
OB complications
Cancer
Burns
Trauma
Major surgery
acute pancreatitis
APL
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45
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (dg with barium swallow)

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46
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

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47
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Edenocarcinoma

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48
Q

food poisoning

A

S. aureus, B cerues

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49
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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50
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A 
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US)
Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
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51
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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52
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever)

Tricuspid (IV drug use)

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53
Q

helminth infection (US)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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54
Q

Hematoma (epidural)

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma, lentiform shape)

55
Q

Hematoma (subdural)

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

56
Q

Hemochomatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (gene normally controls loading of iron onto transferrin
loss of HFE results in dysregulation leading to a maximual transfer of iron from gut mucosal cells into the plasma;iron generates free radicals that causes damage
AR inheritance on chromosome 6
associated with HLA-A3
men > women
northern Europeans)

Complications:
Heart failure
“bronze diabetes”
Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

57
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (hep B and C and alcoholism)

58
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

59
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital ubconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

60
Q

HLA-B27

A

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBD-associated arthritis
reactive arthritis (reiter)

61
Q

HLA-DR3

A 
Diabetes type 1
SLE
Graves disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis (also HLA-DR5)
Addisons disease
62
Q

HLA-DR4

A

Diabetes type 1
RA
Addisons diease

63
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation

64
Q

Hypercoagulability
Endothelial damage
Blood stasis

A

Virchows triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

65
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

renal artery stenosis (do not use ACEi)
chronic kidney disease
hyperaldosteronism

66
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental excision during thyroidectomy

67
Q

hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign

68
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

hepatitis C

69
Q

Infections of chronic granulomatous disease

A

S. aureus
E. coli
Aspergilus
Catalase positive organisms

70
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome

fragile X

71
Q

Kidney stones

A
  1. calcium (radio-opaque)
  2. struvite (ammonium, radio-opaque) formed by urease positive organisms such as klebsiella, proteus, s. saprophyticus
  3. uric acid (radiolucent)
  4. cystine (radiolucent)
72
Q

Late cyanotic shunt

A

Eisenminger syndrome (ASD, VSD, PDA)

Uncorrected left to right becomes right to left shunt

Complications: pulmonary hypertension, poycythemia

73
Q

Liver disease

A

alcoholic cirrhoss

74
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

75
Q

Malignancy associated with non-infectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

76
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

Leukemia

brain tumor

77
Q

Metastasis to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney

78
Q

Metastasis to brain

A

Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI

79
Q

Metastasis to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space;> stomach > pancreas

80
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency

81
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

disease occurs in both males and females

inherited through females only

82
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

83
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) disease

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

84
Q

Mycoarditis

A

Coxsackie B

85
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Membranous nephropathy

86
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease)

87
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic, hypogonadism and anosmia)

Failed migration of GnRH producing neurons from developping brain including passage to the cribiform plate
Lack of GnRH results in
↓ LH, FSH, testosterone, sperm count

88
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

s. aureus, psueudomonas, other enteric gram negative rods

89
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

90
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

91
Q

Opportunistic infection in aids

92
Q

osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus (most common overall)

93
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients

A

Salmonella

94
Q

Osteomyelitis in IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, candida, s. aureus

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

96
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

97
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

98
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

99
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C. trachomatis

N. gonnorrhea

100
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)

CML (sometimes AML/ALL)

101
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma

somatotropic adenoma

102
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome

103
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

104
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma

105
Q

Primary hyperparathyroid

A

adenoma
hyperplasia
carcinoma

106
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha 1 antitrypsin def, wilson disease)

107
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A 
Idiopathic
heritable
left heart failure
lung disease (COPD)
hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA)
thromboembolic (PE)
108
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buergner disease (smokers)

109
Q

Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas) associated with MEN1

110
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma (VHL, smoking, paraneoplastic syndrome,)

111
Q

Right heart failure

A
  1. left heart failure

2. cor pulmonale

112
Q

s3 heart sound

A

Increased ventricular filling pressure
(mitral regurgitation, HF)

common in dilated ventricles

113
Q

s4 heart sound

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle

(aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy

114
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of chronic disease

115
Q

STD

A

C. trachomatis (co-infection with n. gonorrhea)

116
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

117
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

118
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

119
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

120
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

121
Q

t(9;22)

A

phil chromosome

CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)

122
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery

polymyalgia rheumatica

123
Q

Testicular tumor

A

seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

Increased ALP

124
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)

125
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not pre-cancerous)

126
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)

127
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

128
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

129
Q

Type of non-hodgkin lymphoma

A

nodular sclerosing (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

130
Q

UTI

A

E. coli

S. saprophyticus (young women)

131
Q

Vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: post menopausal women, type II: elderly man or woman)

132
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

133
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

134
Q

Cytokines associated with TSS

A

IL-1 IL-2 IL-6 IFN-gamma TNF-alpha

First Aid Rapid Review (4 decks)

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