Key associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis)
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric acid secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Age ranges for patient with ALL
A
Child
5
Q
Age ranges for patient with CLL
A
Adult >60
6
Q
Age ranges for patient with AML
A
Adult around 65
7
Q
Age ranges for patient with CML
A
Adult 45-85
8
Q
Alternating lesions of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (crohns disease)
9
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
A
Atherosclerosis
10
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
A
Tertiary syphilis
vasa vasorum destruction
11
Q
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
12
Q
Aortic dissection
A
Hypertension
13
Q
Atrophy of mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)
14
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell (hemoglobin S)
15
Q
Bacteria associated with gastric, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies
A
h. pylori
adenocarcinoma and MALToma
16
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S pneumoniae
17
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns )
A
GBS
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes
18
Q
Bacterial meningitis (kids)
A
s. pneumo
n. menigitidis
19
Q
Bilateral ovarial metastases from gastric carcinoma
A
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
20
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor
21
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (gleoblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
22
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
23
Q
Breast cancer
A
Invasive ductal carcinoma
24
Q
Breast mass
A
fibrocystic change
Carcinoma (post-menopausal)
25
Benign breast tumor in young woman
fibroadenoma
26
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma (often seen in tuberous sclerosis)
27
Cardiac manifestations of lupus
marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (non-bacterial)
28
Cardiac tumors (adults)
metstasis
| Myxoma (90% in left atrium, "ball valve")
29
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
30
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (high risk of emboli)
31
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
32
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
DES exposure in utero
33
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
```
hirsuit (male distribution)
signs of hypoglycemia
renal dysfunction secondary to hypocortisolism and hypoaldosteronism
salt loss
volume depletion
```
34
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
35
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
"black liver"
Dubin-johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bili into bile)
Autosomal Recessive
36
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world)
idiopathic
viral illness (developed world)
37
Cretinism
Iodine deficit or congenital hypothyroid
```
severe mental retardation
increased weight and short stature
coarse facial features
large protuding tounge
umbilical hernia
```
38
Cushing syndrome
1. Iatrogenic (corticosteroid therapy)
2. adrenocortical adenoma (secretes cortisol)
3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushings disease)
4. Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
39
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of fallot
Transposition of the great vessels
Truncus arteriosus
40
Death in CML
Blast crisis
41
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
42
dementia
```
Alzheimers disease
multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
```
43
Demyelinating disease in young women
MS
44
DIC
```
Severe sepsis
OB complications
Cancer
Burns
Trauma
Major surgery
acute pancreatitis
APL
```
45
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (dg with barium swallow)
46
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
47
Esophageal cancer
Edenocarcinoma
48
food poisoning
S. aureus, B cerues
49
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
50
Gynecologic malignancy
```
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US)
Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
```
51
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
52
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever)
Tricuspid (IV drug use)
53
helminth infection (US)
Ascaris lumbricoides
54
Hematoma (epidural)
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma, lentiform shape)
55
Hematoma (subdural)
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
56
Hemochomatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (gene normally controls loading of iron onto transferrin
loss of HFE results in dysregulation leading to a maximual transfer of iron from gut mucosal cells into the plasma;iron generates free radicals that causes damage
AR inheritance on chromosome 6
associated with HLA-A3
men > women
northern Europeans)
Complications:
Heart failure
"bronze diabetes"
Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
57
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (hep B and C and alcoholism)
58
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
59
hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital ubconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
60
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBD-associated arthritis
reactive arthritis (reiter)
61
HLA-DR3
```
Diabetes type 1
SLE
Graves disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis (also HLA-DR5)
Addisons disease
```
62
HLA-DR4
Diabetes type 1
RA
Addisons diease
63
Holosystolic murmur
VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
64
Hypercoagulability
Endothelial damage
Blood stasis
Virchows triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
65
Hypertension, secondary
renal artery stenosis (do not use ACEi)
chronic kidney disease
hyperaldosteronism
66
Hypoparathyroidism
accidental excision during thyroidectomy
67
hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign
68
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
hepatitis C
69
Infections of chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureus
E. coli
Aspergilus
Catalase positive organisms
70
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome
| fragile X
71
Kidney stones
1. calcium (radio-opaque)
2. struvite (ammonium, radio-opaque) formed by urease positive organisms such as klebsiella, proteus, s. saprophyticus
3. uric acid (radiolucent)
4. cystine (radiolucent)
72
Late cyanotic shunt
Eisenminger syndrome (ASD, VSD, PDA)
Uncorrected left to right becomes right to left shunt
Complications: pulmonary hypertension, poycythemia
73
Liver disease
alcoholic cirrhoss
74
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
75
Malignancy associated with non-infectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
76
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia
| brain tumor
77
Metastasis to bone
Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney
78
Metastasis to brain
Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
79
Metastasis to liver
Colon >>> stomach > pancreas
80
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
81
Mitochondrial inheritance
disease occurs in both males and females
inherited through females only
82
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
83
Mixed (UMN and LMN) disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
84
Mycoarditis
Coxsackie B
85
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
86
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease)
87
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic, hypogonadism and anosmia)
Failed migration of GnRH producing neurons from developping brain including passage to the cribiform plate
Lack of GnRH results in
↓ LH, FSH, testosterone, sperm count
88
Nosocomial pneumonia
s. aureus, psueudomonas, other enteric gram negative rods
89
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
90
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
91
Opportunistic infection in aids
PCP
92
osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
93
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients
Salmonella
94
Osteomyelitis in IV drug use
Pseudomonas, candida, s. aureus
95
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
96
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
97
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
98
Pancreatitis (chronic)
alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
99
Pelvic inflammatory disease
C. trachomatis
| N. gonnorrhea
100
Philadelphia chromosome
t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (sometimes AML/ALL)
101
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
| somatotropic adenoma
102
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome
103
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
104
Primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
105
Primary hyperparathyroid
adenoma
hyperplasia
carcinoma
106
Primary liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha 1 antitrypsin def, wilson disease)
107
Pulmonary hypertension
```
Idiopathic
heritable
left heart failure
lung disease (COPD)
hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA)
thromboembolic (PE)
```
108
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buergner disease (smokers)
109
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas) associated with MEN1
110
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma (VHL, smoking, paraneoplastic syndrome,)
111
Right heart failure
1. left heart failure
| 2. cor pulmonale
112
s3 heart sound
Increased ventricular filling pressure
(mitral regurgitation, HF)
common in dilated ventricles
113
s4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle
| (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy
114
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
hypocalcemia of chronic disease
115
STD
C. trachomatis (co-infection with n. gonorrhea)
116
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
117
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
118
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
119
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
120
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
121
t(9;22)
phil chromosome
| CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
122
temporal arteritis
risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery
polymyalgia rheumatica
123
Testicular tumor
seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
| Increased ALP
124
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
125
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not pre-cancerous)
126
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
127
Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
128
Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
129
Type of non-hodgkin lymphoma
nodular sclerosing (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
130
UTI
E. coli
| S. saprophyticus (young women)
131
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: post menopausal women, type II: elderly man or woman)
132
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
133
Vitamin deficiency (US)
folate `
134
Cytokines associated with TSS
IL-1 IL-2 IL-6 IFN-gamma TNF-alpha
