Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Age ranges for pts with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
A
ALL:child, CLL: adult >60; AML: adult ~65; CML: adult 45-85
5
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohns)
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
A
Artherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
A
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorium destruction
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
A
Marfan syndrome
9
Q
Aortic dissection
A
HTN
10
Q
Atrophy of mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (B1 deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)
11
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell disease (Hb S)
12
Q
Bacteria assc with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
A
H pylori
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S pneumoniae
14
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B strep/ E coli/ Listeria (newborns); S pneumoniae/ N meningitidis (kids/teens)
15
Q
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
A
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet cells)
16
Q
Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)
17
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
18
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum); Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
19
Q
Breast cancer
A
Invasive ductal carcinoma
20
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
21
Q
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
A
Fibroadenoma
22
Q
Cardiac primary tumor in kids
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
23
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Marantic/ thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
24
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)
25
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
26
Chronic arrhythmia
Afib (assc. with high risk of emboli)
27
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
28
Clear cell carcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
29
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
32
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
33
Cretinism
Iodine deficiency/ congenital hypothyroidism
34
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (corticosteroid therapy); Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol); ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease); Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
35
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetrology of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
36
Death in CML
Blast crisis
37
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
38
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
39
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
40
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
41
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
42
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
43
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
44
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S aureus, B cereus
45
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
46
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
47
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
48
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
49
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug use)
50
Helminth infection (US)
Ascaris lumbricoides
51
Hematoma- epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauam; lentiform shaped)
52
Hematoma- subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
53
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes", and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
54
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (assc with HBV and HCV and with alcoholism)
55
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
56
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
57
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-assc arthritis, reactive arthritis
58
HLA-DR3
DM type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease
59
HLA-DR4
DM type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also assc. w/ HLA-DR5), Addison disease
60
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
61
Hypercoaguability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow's triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
62
Secondary hypertension
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg, polycystic, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism
63
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
64
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
65
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
HCV
66
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S aureus, E coli, aspergillus (catalase +)
67
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
68
Kidney stones
Calcium= radiopaque; Struvite (ammonium)= radiopaque (formed by urease positive organisms eg Klebsiella, Proteus and S saprophyticus); uric acid= radiolucent; cysteine= radiolucent
69
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L--> R becomes R--> L)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/ polycythemia)
70
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
71
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
72
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
73
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia, brain tumors
74
Metastasis to bone
Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney
75
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
76
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
77
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
78
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in males and females but only passed through females
79
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
80
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
81
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
82
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
83
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
84
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
85
Nosocomial pneumonia
S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric G- rods
86
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
87
Opening snap
Mitral valve stenosis
88
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
89
Osteomyelitis
S aureus (most common overall)
90
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
91
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus
92
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
93
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
94
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
95
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
96
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
97
Philadelphia chromosome/ t[9;22] / BCR-Abl
CML
98
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
99
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic
100
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
101
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
102
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
103
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
104
Pulmonary HTN
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease, lung disease (eg COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg obstructive sleep apnea), thromboembolic (eg, PE)
105
Recurrent inflammation/ thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly assc with tobacco)
106
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas), assc. with MEN1
107
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: assc. w/ vHL and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
108
Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
109
S3 heart sound
Increased ventricular filling pressure (eg, mital regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
110
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
111
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
112
Sexually transmitted disease
C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhea)
113
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
114
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
115
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
116
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
117
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome- CML
118
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
119
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
120
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), increased placental ALP
121
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
122
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
123
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
124
Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma
125
Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
126
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
127
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
128
UTI
E coli, S saprophyticus (young women)
129
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman)
130
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
131
Vitamin deficiency
Folate (pregnant women at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
