Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Key Associations
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Key Associations
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (↑ intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
3
Q
Key Associations
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Key Associations
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
A
ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 45-85
5
Q
Key Associations
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
6
Q
Key Associations
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Key Associations
Ascending or arch aortic aneurysm
A
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
8
Q
Key Associations
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial generation)
9
Q
Key Associations
Aortic dissection
A
Hypertension
10
Q
Key Associations
Atrophy of mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
11
Q
Key Associations
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
12
Q
Key Associations
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (e.g. adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
A
H. pylori
13
Q
Key Associations
Bacterial meningitis (adults & elderly)
A
S pneumoniae
14
Q
Key Associations
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus/E coli (newborns)
S pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teens)
15
Q
Key Associations
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
A
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
16
Q
Key Associations
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
17
Q
Key Associations
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
18
Q
Key Associations
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
19
Q
Key Associations
Breast cancer
A
Invasive ductal carcinoma
20
Q
Key Associations
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change
Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
21
Q
Key Associations
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
A
Fibroadenoma
22
Q
Key Associations
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
23
Q
Key Associations
Cardiac manifestations of lupus
A
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
24
Q
Key Associations
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis
Myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)
25
# Key Associations
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari II malformation
26
# Key Associations
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
27
# Key Associations
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
28
# Key Associations
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina)
DES exposure in utero
29
# Key Associations
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
# Key Associations
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
# Key Associations
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
32
# Key Associations
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world)
| Idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
33
# Key Associations
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > circumflex
34
# Key Associations
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
35
# Key Associations
Cushing syndrome
- Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
- Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
- ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
- Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
36
# Key Associations
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of great vessels
Truncus arteriosus
37
# Key Associations
Death in CML
Blast crisis
38
# Key Associations
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
39
# Key Associations
Dementia
```
Alzheimer disease
Multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
```
40
# Key Associations
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
41
# Key Associations
DIC
```
Severe sepsis
Obstetric complications
Cancer
Burns
Trauma
Major surgery
Acute pancreatitis
APL
```
42
# Key Associations
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
43
# Key Associations
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
44
# Key Associations
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)
| Adenocarcinoma (US)
45
# Key Associations
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S aureus
| B cereus
46
# Key Associations
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
47
# Key Associations
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
48
# Key Associations
Gynecologic malignancy
```
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US)
Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
```
49
# Key Associations
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
50
# Key Associations
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever)
| Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
51
# Key Associations
Helminth infection (US)
Enterobius vermicularis
| Ascaris lumbricoides
52
# Key Associations
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
53
# Key Associations
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
54
# Key Associations
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes", and ↑ risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
55
# Key Associations
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
56
# Key Associations
Hereditary bleding disorder
von Willebrand disease
57
# Key Associations
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
58
# Key Associations
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylsing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
59
# Key Associations
HLA-DR3
```
Diabetes mellitus type I
SLE
Graves disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Addison disease
```
60
# Key Associations
HLA-DR4
Diabetes mellitus type I
Rheumatoid arthritis
Addison disease
61
# Key Associations
Holosystolic murmur
VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
62
# Key Associations
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (↑ risk of thrombosis)
63
# Key Associations
Hypertension, 2°
Renal artery stenosis
Chronic kidney disease (e.g. polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy)
Hyperaldosteronism
64
# Key Associations
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
# Key Associations
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
# Key Associations
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S aureus
E coli
Aspergillus
(⊕ catalase positive organism)
67
# Key Associations
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
68
# Key Associations
Kidney stones
- Calcium = radiopaque
- Struvite (ammnoium) = radiopaque (formed by urease ⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, and S saprophyticus)
- Uric acid = radiolucent
- Cystine = radiolucent
69
# Key Associations
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
70
# Key Associations
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
71
# Key Associations
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
72
# Key Associations
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
73
# Key Associations
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
74
# Key Associations
Malignancy (kids)
ALL
| Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
75
# Key Associations
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
76
# Key Associations
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
77
# Key Associations
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
78
# Key Associations
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
79
# Key Associations
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
80
# Key Associations
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
81
# Key Associations
Mixed (UMN & LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
82
# Key Associations
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
83
# Key Associations
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
84
# Key Associations
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
85
# Key Associations
Neuron migration failure
Kallmnan syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
86
# Key Associations
Nosocomial pneumonia
S aureus
Pseudomonas
Other enteric Gram ⊝ rods
87
# Key Associations
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
88
# Key Associations
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
89
# Key Associations
Opportunistic infection n AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
90
# Key Associations
Osteomyelitis
S aureus (most common overall)
91
# Key Associations
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
92
# Key Associations
Osteomyelitis in IV drug use
Pseudomonas
Candida
S aureus
93
# Key Associations
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
94
# Key Associations
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
95
# Key Associations
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones
| Alcohol
96
# Key Associations
Pancreatitis (chronic)
```
Alcohol (adults)
Cystic fibrosis (kids)
```
97
# Key Associations
Pelvic inflammatory disease
C trachomatis
| N gonorrhoeae
98
# Key Associations
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
99
# Key Associations
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
| Somatotropic adenoma
100
# Key Associations
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)
101
# Key Associations
1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
102
# Key Associations
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
103
# Key Associations
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
104
# Key Associations
1° liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
105
# Key Associations
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg. HF), lung disease (eg. COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg. OSA), thromboembolic (eg. PE)
106
# Key Associations
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
107
# Key Associations
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma or duodenum or pancreas), associated with MEN1
108
# Key Associations
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
109
# Key Associations
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
110
# Key Associations
S3 heart sound
↑ ventricular filling pressure (eg. mitral regurgitation, HF), vommon in dilated ventricles
111
# Key Associations
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
112
# Key Associations
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
113
# Key Associations
Sexually transmitted disease
C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)
114
# Key Associations
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
115
# Key Associations
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
116
# Key Associations
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
117
# Key Associations
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
118
# Key Associations
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
119
# Key Associations
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
120
# Key Associations
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymalgia rheumatica
121
# Key Associations
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), ↑ placental ALP
122
# Key Associations
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood radiation)
123
# Key Associations
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
124
# Key Associations
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
125
# Key Associations
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
126
# Key Associations
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
127
# Key Associations
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
128
# Key Associations
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
129
# Key Associations
UTI
```
E. coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
```
130
# Key Associations
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal; type II: elderly man or woman)
131
# Key Associations
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
132
# Key Associations
Vitamin deficiency (US)
Folate (pregnant women at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
