Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesion (Crohn disease)
5
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
A
Atherosclerosis
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
A
3º syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasovasorum destruction
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
8
Q
Aortic dissection
A
Hypertension
9
Q
Atrophy of mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, confusion)
10
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell disease (HgbS)
11
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, PUD, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S. pneumoniae
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
GBS / E. coli (newborns); S. pneumoniae / N. meningitidis (kids/teens)
14
Q
Bilateral ovarian meastases from gastric carcinoma
A
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
15
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)
16
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including GBM), meningioma, schwannoma
17
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Inratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
18
Q
Breast cancer
A
Invasive ductal carcinoma
19
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in post-menopausal women)
20
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
21
Q
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
22
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
23
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)
24
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari II malformation
25
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (high risk of emboli)
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
28
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
29
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
30
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
31
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
32
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > Circumflex
33
Cretinism
Iodine deficient / congenital hypothyroidism
34
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy), adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol), ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease), paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors, particularly small cell lung)
35
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
36
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
37
Death in CML
Blast crisis
38
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
39
Dementia
Alzheimer disease; multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
40
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
41
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
42
Dietary deficit
Iron
43
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
44
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
45
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
46
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
47
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
48
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervial carcinoma (most common worldwide)
49
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
50
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
51
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
52
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
53
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
54
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can results in heart failure, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
55
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with HBV and HCV and with alcoholism)
56
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
57
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
58
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerataive colitis, psoriatic arthritis
59
HLA-DR3
Type 1 DM, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis
60
HLA-DR4
Type 1 DM, RA
61
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
63
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
64
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
66
Infection 2/2 blood transfusion
HCV
67
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureus, E. coli, aspergillus (catalase positive)
68
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X
69
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque; Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease+ organisms such as klebsiella, proteus, S. saphrophyticus); Uric acid = radiolucent
70
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia)
71
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
72
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
73
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
74
Malignancy associated with non-infectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
75
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
76
Metastases to bone
Prostate > breast > GU > melanoma > GI
77
Metastasis to brain
Lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI
78
Metastasis to liver
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
79
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
80
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
81
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
82
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
83
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
FSGS
84
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
85
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
86
Nosocomial pneumonia
S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric GNRs
87
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
88
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
89
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
PCP
90
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
91
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
92
Osteomyelitis with IVDA
Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus
93
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
94
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
95
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, ETOH
96
Pancreatitis (chronic)
ETOH (adults), CF (kids)
97
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ~65, CML: adult 45-85
98
Pelvic inflammatory disease
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae
99
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BRC-ABL)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
100
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
101
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45, XO)
102
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
103
Primary hyperaldosoteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
104
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
105
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
106
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
107
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
108
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
109
Right heart failure 2/2 pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
110
S3 heart sound
Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g. mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles - "early rapid diastolic filling"
111
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) - "atrial kick"
112
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of CKD
113
Sexual transmitted disease
C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N. gonorrhea)
114
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of lung
115
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
116
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
117
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
118
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
119
t(14;18)
Follicular carcinoma (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
120
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
121
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
122
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness 2/2 occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica; high dose steroids
123
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
124
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
125
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
126
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood; or treat with B-blockers)
127
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
128
Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant; crosses midline vs. Wilms which doesn't)
129
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
130
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
131
UTI
E. coli, Staphlococcus saprophyticus (young women)
132
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: post-menopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
133
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
134
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
135
Yellow sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
136
Yellow pigment
S. aureus
137
Blue-green pigment
Pseudomonas
138
Red pigment
Serratia marcescens
139
Catalase positive
Staphlococcus aureus, Burkholderia, Serratia, Nocardia, Aspergillus
140
Coagulase positive
S. aureus
141
Coagulase negative
S. epidermidis, saprophyticus, pyogenes
142
Novobiocin sensitive
S. epidermidis
143
Novobiocin resistant
S. saprophyticus
144
Differentiating gram positive cocci
No Stress (Novobiocin, saphrophyticus is resistant, epidermidis is sensitive); Overpass (optochin, viridins is resistant, pneumonia is sensitive an also bile soluble); B-BRAS (bacitracin, GBS (agalactaciae) is resistant, GAS (pyogenes) is sensitive); coagulase positive: aureus, coagulase negative: pyogenes, epi, saphro
145
Oxidase positive
Pseudomonas
146
Cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma pneumonia, EBV, hematologic malignancy
147
Differentiating gamma hemolytic strep
Growth in bile and 6.5% NaCl: Enterococci, E. faecium; Growth in bile NOT NaCl: Nonenterococci, S. bovi
