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Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (1’ ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

3” syphilis, Marfan’s syndrome

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8
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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9
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (HbS)

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10
Q

Bacteria associated with stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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11
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Neisseria meningitid

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningifidis (kids)

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13
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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14
Q

Bleeding disorder with Gplb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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15
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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16
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma, (cerebrum)

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17
Q

Breast cancer Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

(in the United States, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)

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18
Q

Breast mass

A
  1. Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
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19
Q

Breast tumor

A

(benign) Fibroadenoma

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20
Q

Cardiac 1 * tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma

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21
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting mitral)

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22
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A
  1. Metastasis 2. 1* myxina (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve)
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23
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive nyarocepnalus or syringomyelia)

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24
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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25
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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26
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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27
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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28
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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29
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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30
Q

Constrictive pericarditis in developing world

A

Tuberculosis

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31
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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32
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

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33
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  1. Corticosteroid therapy 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
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34
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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35
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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36
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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37
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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38
Q

Dementia

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease 2. Multiple infarcts
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39
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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40
Q

DIC

A

Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma

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41
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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42
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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43
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic /pulmonic stenosis

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44
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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45
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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46
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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47
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common)

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48
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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49
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)

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50
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A
  1. Enterobius vermicularis 2. Ascaris lumbricoides
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51
Q

Hematoma-epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (lentiform shaped, trauma)

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52
Q

Hematoma-subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (cresant shaped)

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53
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “Brozne diabetes” and inc risk of hepatocellullar carcinoma

54
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepatitis B and C) -

55
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

56
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

57
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

58
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

59
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

60
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

61
Q

Hypertension, 2”

A

Renal disease

62
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Thyroidectomy

63
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

64
Q

Infection 2” to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

65
Q

Kidney stones

A
  1. Calcium = radiopaque 2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 3. Uric acid = radiolucent
66
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L + R becomes R + L)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

67
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

68
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

69
Q

Male Cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

70
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

71
Q

Malignant skin tumor

A

Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)

72
Q

Mental retardation (genetic)

A
  1. Down syndrome 2. Fragile X syndrome
73
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney

74
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI

75
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas

76
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

77
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

78
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B, echovirus

79
Q

Neoplasm (kids)

A
  1. ALL 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
80
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal Segmental Glomerularscerosis

81
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)

82
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

83
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

84
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

85
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia

86
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

87
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease patients

A

Salmonella

88
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

89
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

90
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign)

A

Serous cystadenoma

91
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

92
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

93
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

94
Q

Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML

A

ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult > 60, CML: adult 35-50

95
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)

96
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl )

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL / AML)

97
Q

Pituitary tumor

A
  1. Prolactinoma 2. Somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma
98
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (XO)

99
Q

Primary bone tumor

A

(adults) Multiple myeloma

100
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

101
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Adenomas 2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma
102
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a-1 antitrypsin)

103
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

104
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

105
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH)

106
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

107
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

inc ventricular filling (L + R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF)

108
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

109
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

110
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

111
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

112
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

113
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

114
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

115
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenu~UI~ r~d l l ~ l ~ d ~ )

116
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

117
Q

t(8; 1 4)

A

Burkilt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

118
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)

119
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

120
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

121
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

122
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)

123
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

124
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

125
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

126
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

127
Q

Types of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

128
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women

129
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV

130
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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