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Key associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Percursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer

(increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer

(greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions

(Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

hypertension

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6
Q

Abdominal and descending aortic aneurysm

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Ascending aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan’s syndrome

(idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies in brain

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

(thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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9
Q

Autosplenectomy

(fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (HbS)

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10
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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11
Q

Bacterial menengitis (adult and elderly)

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus (newborns)

S.pneumonia/Neisseria meningitdis (kids)

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13
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus

(most common in first two decades)

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14
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier disease

(defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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15
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Metastisis (most likely)

> astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme

> Meningioma

> Schwannoma (least likely)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: Medulloblastoma (Cerebellum)

Supratentorial: Craniopharyngioma (Cerebrum)

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17
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

(In U.S. 1 in 9 women develop breast cancer)

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18
Q

Breast mass

A

1) Fibrocystic change
2) Carcinoma in postmenopausal women

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19
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Rhabdomyoma

(often seen in tuberous sclerosis)

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20
Q

Cardiac manifesations of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocardidits

(nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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21
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A
  1. Metastasis
  2. primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
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22
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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23
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation

(associated with high risk of emboli)

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24
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predispostion to gastric carcinoma

(can also cause pernicious anemia)

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25
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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26
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis

(Type 1: postmenopausal women)

(Type 2: elderly man or women)

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27
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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28
Q

Congenital cardiac anomoly

A

Ventricular septal defect

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29
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

(inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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30
Q

Constrictive pericardidits

A

Tuberculosis (developing world)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

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31
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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32
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/ hypothyroidism

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33
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  1. Coricosteroid therapy
  2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
  3. Small cell lung carcinoma
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34
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

Left –> right shunt at first

A

Tetralogy of fallot

Transpostion of great vessels

Truncus arteriosus

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35
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

Right –> left shunt at presentation

A

Ventricular septal defect

Atrial septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus

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36
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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37
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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38
Q

Dementia

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease
  2. multiple infarcts
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39
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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40
Q

DIC

A

Gram-negative sepsis

Obstetric complications

Cancer

Burn trauma

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41
Q

Most common dietary deficit

Most common vitamin deficiency

A

Dietary: Iron

Vitamin: Folic acid (pregnant women)

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42
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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43
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonary stenosis

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44
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

Adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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45
Q

Food poisoning

(endotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus

B. cereus

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46
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease

(IgA nephropathy)

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47
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (U.S.)

Cervical carcinoma (worldwide)

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48
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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49
Q

Heart valve in affected in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral (rheumatic fever)

Aortic (2nd in rheumatic fever)

Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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50
Q

Helminth infection (U.S)

A
  1. Enterobius vermicularis
  2. Ascaris lumbricoides
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51
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery

(trauma; lens shaped)

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52
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Rupture of bridging veins

(crescent shaped)

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53
Q

Hemochromatosis

(iron overload)

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation

(can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and incresed risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

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54
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver

(Hepatitis B and C)

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55
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

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56
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilber’s syndrome

(benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

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57
Q

HLA-B27

A

PAIR

Psoriasis

Ankylosing spondylitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis)

Reiter’s Syndrome

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58
Q

HLA-DR3

A

Type 1 DM

59
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

Ventricular septal defect

Tricuspid regurigation

Mitral regurgitation

60
Q

Hypercoaguabliity

Blood stasis

Endothelial damage

A

Vichow’s triad

(results in venous thrombosis)

61
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Renal disease

62
Q

Hypoparathyrodism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

63
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma

(usually benign)

64
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

65
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staphylococcus aureus

E.coli

Aspergillus (catalase positive)

66
Q

Kidney stones

A
  1. Calcium = radiopaue
  2. Struvite (ammonium)= radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms like proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
  3. Uric acid= radiolucent
67
Q

Late cyanotic shunt

(uncorrected left –> right becomes right –> left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

(pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

Caused by

Ventral septal defect

Atrial septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus

68
Q

Liver disease

A

Alchoholic cirrhosis

69
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

70
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

71
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

72
Q

Most common malignant skin tumor

A

Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)

73
Q

Mental retardation

A
  1. Down sydrome
  2. Fragile X syndrome
74
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Breast, lung, thyroid, tests, prostate, kidney

75
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI

76
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas

77
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance pattern

A

Affected females give disease to all children

Both males and females can be affected

78
Q

Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern

A

Skips generations

79
Q

X-linked recessive inheritance pattern

A

Affects mostly males

No male-to-male transmission

80
Q

X-linked dominant disease inheritance

A

Affected Male –> gives to all Daughters

Affected mother –> can give to son or daughter

81
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

82
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

83
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

84
Q

Neoplasm (kids)

A
  1. ALL
  2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
85
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

86
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

(associated with infections/vaccinations)

(treat with corticosteroids)

87
Q

GnRH neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome

88
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella

E.coli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

89
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

90
Q

Opening snap on heart sounds

A

Mitral stenosis

91
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocysis jiroveci pneumonia

(formerly carinii: PCP)

92
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

93
Q

Osteomyelitis in sicke cell disease

A

Salmonella

94
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas

S. aureus

95
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

96
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

97
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

98
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones

Alcohol

99
Q

Chrinic pancreatitis

A

Alchohol (adults)

Cystic fibrosis (kids)

100
Q

ALL, CLL, AML, CML

classification by age

A

ALL: Child

CML: Adult 30-60 years old

AML: Adult ~ 60 years old

CLL: Adult > 60 yrs old

101
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)

102
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML

(somtimes associated with ALL/AML)

103
Q

Pituitary tumor

A
  1. Prolactinoma
  2. Somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma
104
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45XO)

105
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

106
Q

Primary hyperadosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

107
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Adenomas
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Carcinoma
108
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

(chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antityrpsin)

109
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

110
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease

(strongly associated with tobacco use)

111
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease

Paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

112
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

cor pulmonale

113
Q

S3 (diastolic gallop)

(after S2)

A

Increased ventricular filling

Left –> right shunt

Mitral regurgitation

Left ventriclar failure [CHF]

114
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

(before S1)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic vessel

aortic stenosis

restrictive cardiomyopathy

115
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

116
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia

(usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

117
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

118
Q

Site of GI diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

119
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

120
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

121
Q

Stomach ulcerations

High gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

(gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

122
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

123
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

124
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome

CML

(bcr-abl fusion)

125
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery

Polymyalgia rheumatica

126
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

127
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

128
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma

(estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

129
Q

Tumor in infancy

A

Hemangioma

(usually regresses spontanesouly by childhood)

130
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma

(usually benign)

131
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neurobastoma (malignant)

132
Q

Most common type of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosis

(vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

133
Q

Most common type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Diffuse large cell

134
Q

UTI

A

E.coli

Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

135
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

136
Q

HLA-A3

A

Hemachromatosis

137
Q

HLA-B8

A

Grave’s disease

138
Q

HLA-DR2

A

Multiple sclerosis

Hay fever

SLE

Goodpasture’s syndrome

139
Q

HLA-DR4

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Type 1 DM

140
Q

HLA-DR5

A

Pernicious anemia –> B12 deficiency

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

141
Q

HLA-DR7

A

Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome

142
Q

t(15;17) translocation

A

Promyeloblastic type (M3) of AML

MPO+ staining = auer rods

treated with all trans retinoic acid

143
Q

t(11;22) translocation

A

Ewings sarcoma

(11+22=33 patrick ewing’s number)

Malignant bone cancer on diaphysis of bone

144
Q

t(11;14) translocation

A

Mantle cell lymphoma

Cyclin D overexpression

“Lance armstrong has 11 CyclinD trophies on his mantle”

Rapid Review (4 decks)

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