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Rapid Review > Classic Lab/Diagnostic findings > Flashcards

Classic Lab/Diagnostic findings Flashcards

1
Q

<p>
Anticentromere antibodies</p>

<p>
</p>

A 
<p>
	Scleroderma <u>(CREST)</u></p>
<ul>
	<li>
		Calcinosis/anti-centromere antibodies</li>
	<li>
		Raynaud phenomenon</li>
	<li>
		Esophageal dysmobilitiy</li>
	<li>
		Sclerodactaly</li>
	<li>
		Telangetasias</li>
</ul>
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2
Q

Antidesmoglein (epithelial antibodies)

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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3
Q

<p>

| Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies</p>

A

<p>
Goodpasture&#39;s syndrome</p>

<p>
(glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)</p>

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4
Q

<p>

| Antihistone antibodies</p>

A 
<p>
	Drug-induced SLE</p>
<p>
	(hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)</p>
<p>
	<u>I&#39;M DAMN SHARP</u></p>
<ul>
	<li>
		Immune (anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith, VDRL)</li>
	<li>
		Malar rash</li>
	<li>
		Discoid rash</li>
	<li>
		ANA</li>
	<li>
		Mucosal ulcers</li>
	<li>
		Neurological (encephalopathy)</li>
	<li>
		Serosal (pericarditis, pleuralits)</li>
	<li>
		Heme: (Low RBC/WBC/Platelets)</li>
	<li>
		Arthritis</li>
	<li>
		Renal (diffuse glomerulonephritis)</li>
	<li>
		Photosensitivity</li>
</ul>
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5
Q

<p>

| Anti-IgG antibodies</p>

A

<p>
Rheumatoid arthritis</p>

<p>
(systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)</p>

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6
Q 
<p>
	Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)</p>
A

<p>
Primary billiary cirrhosis</p>

<p>
(female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)</p>

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7
Q

<p>

| c-ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)</p>

A

<p>
Wegener&#39;s granulmatous necrotizing vasculitis:</p>

<p>
(Nasopharynx, Lungs, Kidney)</p>

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8
Q

<p>

| p-ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)</p>

A

<p>
Polyangitis cystica: Lung/Kidney necrotizing vasculitis</p>

<p>
or</p>

<p>
Churg-Strauss syndrome: Lung/Heart <u>granulomatous</u> necrotizing vasculitis</p>

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9
Q

<p>

| anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA ANAs</p>

A 
<p>
	SLE (type III hypersensitivity)</p>
<p>
	<u>I&#39;M DAMN SHARP</u></p>
<ul>
	<li>
		    Immune (anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith, VDRL)</li>
	<li>
		    Malar rash</li>
	<li>
		    Discoid rash</li>
	<li>
		    ANA</li>
	<li>
		    Mucosal ulcers</li>
	<li>
		    Neurological (encephalopathy)</li>
	<li>
		    Serosal (pericarditis, pleuralits)</li>
	<li>
		    Heme: (Low RBC/WBC/Platelets)</li>
	<li>
		    Arthritis</li>
	<li>
		    Renal (diffuse glomerulonephritis)</li>
	<li>
		    Photosensitivity</li>
</ul>
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10
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thromobytopenic pupura (ITP)

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11
Q

<p>

| Anti-Scl-70 antibodies (Anti- DNA topoisomerase antibodies)</p>

A

<p>
Diffuse systemic Scleroderma</p>

Localized is CREST
(Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phonomenon, Esophageal dysmobility, Scerlodactly, Tanelgectasias)

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12
Q 
<p>
	Anti-transglutaminase</p>
<p>
	anti-gliadin</p>
<p>
	anti-endomysial antibodies</p>
A

<p>
Celiac disease</p>

<p>
(diarrhea, distension, weight loss)</p>

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13
Q

“Apple core” lesionon abdominal x-ray

A

Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

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14
Q

<p>

| Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts</p>

A

<p>
Auer rods</p>

<p>
(acute myelogenous leukemia, especially promyelocytic type)</p>

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15
Q

<p>

| Bacitracin response</p>

A

<p>
Senstitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)</p>

<p>
Resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)</p>

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16
Q

<p>

| &quot;Bamboo spine&quot; on x-ray</p>

A

<p>
Ankylosing spondylitis</p>

<p>
(chronic inflammatory arthritis HLA-B27)</p>

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17
Q

<p>

| Basophilic nuclear remanants of RBCs</p>

A

<p>
Howell-Jolly bodies</p>

<p>
(due to splenectomy or non functional spleen)</p>

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18
Q

<p>

| Basophilic stippling of RBCs</p>

A

<p>
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia</p>

<p>
(small basophilic dots in periphery of RBC: rRNA)</p>

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19
Q

Bloddy tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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20
Q

<p>

| &quot;Boot shaped&quot; heart on x-ray</p>

A

<p>
Tetralogy of Fallot</p>

<p>
Right ventricular hypertrophy</p>

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21
Q

Branching gram-positive rods with sulfer granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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22
Q

<p>

| Bronchogenic apical lung tumor</p>

A

<p>
Pancoast tumor</p>

<p>
(can cause Horner&#39;s syndrome by compressing sympathetic ganglion)</p>

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23
Q

<p>

| &quot;brown&quot; tumor of bone</p>

A

<p>
Hyperarathyroidism or Osteitis fibrosa cystica</p>

<p>
(Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts)</p>

<p>
</p>

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24
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagras’ disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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25
Q

Cellular cresents in Bowman’s capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescentric glomerulonephritis

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26
Q

<p>

| &quot;Chocolate cyst&quot; of ovary</p>

A

<p>
Endometriosis</p>

<p>
(frequently involves both ovaries)</p>

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27
Q

<p>

| Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surronding pale neurofibrils</p>

A

<p>
Homer Wright rosettes</p>

<p>
(neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)</p>

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28
Q

<p>

| Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs</p>

A

<p>
Cystic fibrosis</p>

<p>
(Autosomal recessive mutation to CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)</p>

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29
Q

Dreased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome, or other chromosomal abnormality

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30
Q

<p>

| Degeneration of dorsal column spinal nerves</p>

A 
<p>
	Tabes dorsalis (3<sup>o</sup> syphilis)</p>
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31
Q

<p>

| Depigmentation of neurons in substantia niagra</p>

A 
<p>
	Parkinson&#39;s disease</p>
<p>
	<u>basal ganglia disorder: </u></p>
<p>
	(rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)</p>
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32
Q

<p>

| Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum</p>

A

<p>
Curschmann&#39;s spirals</p>

<p>
(bronchail asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)</p>

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33
Q

<p>

| Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid</p>

A

<p>
Call-Exter bodies</p>

<p>
(granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)</p>

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34
Q

<p>

| Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlagement and hyperchromasia</p>

A

<p>
Koilocytes</p>

<p>
(from HPV: raisening of nucleus)</p>

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35
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl’s eye” appearnce of CMV

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36
Q

<p>

| Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei</p>

A

<p>
&quot;Orphan annie eye&quot; nuclei</p>

<p>
(papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)</p>

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37
Q

<p>

| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell</p>

A

<p>
Mallory bodies</p>

<p>
(alcholic liver disease)</p>

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38
Q

<p>

| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell</p>

A

<p>
Lewy body</p>

<p>
(Parkinson&#39;s disease)</p>

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39
Q

<p>

| Eosinophilic globule in liver</p>

A

<p>
Councilman body</p>

<p>
(toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)</p>

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40
Q

<p>

| Eosiniphilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells</p>

A

<p>
Rabies virus</p>

<p>
(Lyssavirus)</p>

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41
Q

<p>

| Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain</p>

A

<p>
Senile plaques</p>

<p>
(Alzheimer&#39;s disease)</p>

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42
Q

<p>

| Giant B cells with bi-lobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (&quot;owl&#39;s eye&quot;)</p>

A

<p>
Reed-Sternberg cells</p>

<p>
(Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, CD15+, CD30+)</p>

43
Q

<p>

| Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells</p>

A

<p>
Schiller-Duval bodies</p>

<p>
(yolk-sac tumor)</p>

44
Q

<p>

| &quot;Hair-on-end&quot; (Crew-cut) appearance on X-ray</p>

A 
<p>
	Bone marrow expansion from:</p>
<p>
	Beta-thalassemia</p>
<p>
	or</p>
<p>
	Sickle cell anemia</p>
45
Q

<p>

| Elevated hCG</p>

A 
<p>
	Choriocarcinoma</p>
<p>
	or</p>
<p>
	Hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)</p>
46
Q

Heart nodules

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

47
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucelosis (EBV)

48
Q

<p>

| Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions</p>

A

<p>
Bronchial asthma</p>

<p>
(Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)</p>

49
Q

<p>

| High level of D-dimers</p>

A 
<p>
	Deep vein thrombosis</p>
<p>
	Pulmonary embolism</p>
<p>
	DIC</p>
50
Q

<p>
Hilar lymphadenopathy</p>

<p>
Peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)</p>

A

<p>
Ghon complex</p>

<p>
(primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)</p>

51
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray

A

Interstitial fibrosis

52
Q

<p>

| Hypersegmented neutrophils</p>

A

<p>
Megaloblastic anemia</p>

<p>
(B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms)</p>

<p>
(Folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)</p>

53
Q

<p>

| Hypochromic, microcytic anemia</p>

A 
<p>
	Iron deficiency anemia</p>
<p>
	Lead poisoning</p>
<p>
	Thalassemia</p>
<p>
	(HbF sometimes present)</p>
54
Q

Increased AFP in in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defect)

55
Q

<p>

| Incresased uric acid levels</p>

A 
<p>
	Gout</p>
<p>
	Lesch-Nyhan syndrome</p>
<p>
	Tumor lysis syndrome</p>
<p>
	Loop and thiazide diuretics</p>
56
Q

Intranuclear eosinophlic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

57
Q

<p>

| Iron-contianing nodules in alveolar septum</p>

A

<p>
Ferrugious bodies</p>

<p>
(asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)</p>

58
Q

<p>
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes</p>

<p>
Immunodeficiency</p>

A

<p>
Chediak-Higashi disease</p>

<p>
(congenital fialure of phagolysosome formation)</p>

59
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

60
Q

Linear appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

61
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

62
Q

<p>

| &quot;Lumpy-bumpy&quot; appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence</p>

A

<p>
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis</p>

<p>
(immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)</p>

63
Q

Lytic “hole punched” bone lesions on x-ray

A

Multiple myeloma

64
Q

Mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

65
Q

<p>

| Monoclonal antibody spike</p>

A

<p>
1. Multiple Myeloma (M protein [IgG or IgA])</p>

<p>
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermend significance (MUGS: normal consequense of aging)</p>

<p>
3. Waldenstrom&#39;s macroglobulinemia (M protein = IgM)</p>

<p>
4. Primary amyloidosis</p>

66
Q

<p>

| Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine</p>

A

<p>
Bence Jone proteins</p>

<p>
(multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine])</p>

<p>
Waldenstrom&#39;s macroglobulinemia (IgM)</p>

67
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

68
Q

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph

A

“String sign” (Crohn’s disease)

69
Q

Needle shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

70
Q

<p>

| Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli</p>

A

<p>
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules</p>

<p>
(diabetic nephropathy)</p>

71
Q

<p>

| Novoviocin response</p>

A

<p>
Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis</p>

<p>
Resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus</p>

72
Q

“Nutmeg” appearance of liver

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

73
Q

<p>

| &quot;Onion-skin&quot; periosteal reaction</p>

A

<p>
Ewing&#39;s sarcoma</p>

<p>
(malignant round cell tumor)</p>

74
Q

<p>

| Optochin response</p>

A

<p>
Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae</p>

<p>
Resistant: Viridans streptococcus</p>

75
Q

<p>

| Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area</p>

A

<p>
Codman&#39;s triangle on x-ray</p>

<p>
(osteosarcoma, Ewing&#39;s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)</p>

76
Q

<p>

| Podocyte fusion on EM</p>

A

<p>
Minimal change disease</p>

<p>
(child with nephrotic syndrome)</p>

77
Q

Polished “ivory like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

78
Q

<p>

| Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphoryalation of protein tau</p>

A

<p>
Neurofibrillary tangles</p>

<p>
(Alzheimer&#39;s disesae and CJD)</p>

79
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

80
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

acute glomerulonephritis

81
Q

Rectangular, crystal like, cytoplasmic inclusion in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

82
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

83
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

84
Q

Rib notching

A

Coarctation of the aorta

85
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii

86
Q

<p>

| Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells (&quot;starry sky&quot; appearance on histology)</p>

A

<p>
Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma</p>

<p>
(t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV, &quot;black sky&quot; made of malignant cells)</p>

87
Q

<p>

| Silver-staining spherical grregation of tau proteins in neurons</p>

A

<p>
Pick bodies</p>

<p>
(Pick&#39;s disease; progressive dementia, changes in personality)</p>

88
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

89
Q

<p>

| &quot;spikes&quot; on basement membrane, &quot;dome-like&quot; subepithelial deposits</p>

A

<p>
Membranous glomerulonephritis</p>

<p>
(may progress to nephrotic syndrome)</p>

90
Q

<p>

| Stacks of red blood cells</p>

A

<p>
Rouleaux formation</p>

<p>
(high ESR, multiple myeloma)</p>

91
Q

<p>

| Stippled vaginal epithelial cells</p>

A

<p>

| &quot;Clue cells&quot; (Gardnerella vaginalis)</p>

92
Q

“Tennis-racket”- shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

93
Q

<p>

| Thrombi made of white/red layers</p>

A

<p>
Lines of Zahn</p>

<p>
(arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)</p>

94
Q

<p>

| &quot;Thumb sign&quot; on lateral x-ray</p>

A

<p>

| Epiglottitis (Haemophilus infuenzae)</p>

95
Q

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

96
Q

“Tram-track” appearance on LM

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

97
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcholic or metabolic syndrome)

98
Q

<p>

| WBCs that look &quot;smudged&quot;</p>

A

<p>
CLL</p>

<p>
(almost always B cell; affects the elderly)</p>

99
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular appearance on LM

A

Lupus nephropathy

100
Q

<p>

| Yellow CSF</p>

A

<p>
Xanthochromia</p>

<p>
(previous subarachnoid hemorrhage)</p>

101
Q

<p>
Anti-SS-A (anti-Ro) antibodies</p>

<p>
Anti-SS-B (anti-La) antibodies</p>

A

<p>

| Sjogren&#39;s syndrome</p>

102
Q

Absent thymic shadow on chest x-ray

A

DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11 deletion) (CATCH-22) Cardiac abnormality, abnormal face, thymic absence, cleft palate, hypocalcemia (low PTH)

103
Q

Hemosiderin laden macrophages at lungs

A

Right sided heart failure

104
Q

Anti-Jo-1 ANA

A

Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis

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