Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
5
Q
Aneurysm, dissecting
A
Hypertension
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, arch
A
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
10
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
11
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns)
A
Group B streptococcus or E.coli
14
Q
Bacterial meningitis (kids)
A
S. pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis
15
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades)
16
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
17
Q
Most common brain tumors (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
18
Q
Most common brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
19
Q
Breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
20
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
21
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
22
Q
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
23
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
24
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis, 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
25
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari II malformation
26
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
27
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
28
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
29
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
30
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
31
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
32
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
33
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)
34
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
35
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
36
Cushing syndrome
1. Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy)
2. Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
4. Paraneoplastic Cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
37
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
38
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
39
Death in CML
Blast crisis
40
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
41
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts
42
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
43
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
44
Dietary deficit
Iron
45
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow
46
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
47
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
48
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
49
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
50
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
51
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
52
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
53
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
54
Hematoma—epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
55
Hematoma—subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
56
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
57
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
58
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
59
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
60
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
61
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
62
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
63
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (results in venous thrombosis)
64
Hypertension, 2°
Renal disease
65
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
66
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
67
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
68
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
69
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
70
Kidney stones
1. Calcium = radiopaque
2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
3. Uric acid = radiolucent
71
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia
72
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
73
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
74
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
75
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
76
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
77
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
78
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
79
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
80
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
81
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
82
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
83
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
84
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
85
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
86
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
87
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
88
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
89
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
90
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
91
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
92
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
93
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
94
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
95
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
96
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
97
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
98
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
99
Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ∼ 65, CML: adult 30–60
100
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
101
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
102
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma
103
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
104
1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
105
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
106
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
107
1° liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency)
108
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
109
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
110
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
111
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
112
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
113
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
114
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
115
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
116
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
117
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
118
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
119
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
120
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
121
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
122
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation
123
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
124
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
125
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
126
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
127
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
128
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
129
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
130
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
131
Type of Hodgkin
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
132
Type of non-Hodgkin
Diffuse large cell
133
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
134
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
135
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
