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A/ AH Biology: Unit 1 > Key Area 6: Protein Control of Cell Division > Flashcards

Key Area 6: Protein Control of Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What structure is responsible for maintaining the shape, structure and position of all cell organelles?

A

Cytoskeleton

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2
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of different proteins that extend through the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

A

Microtubules

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4
Q

What are microtubules made up of?

A

Globular proteins tubulin

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5
Q

Where are microtubules found?

A

Eukaryotic cells radiating from the centrosome

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6
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

Microtubules organising centre

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7
Q

What are microtubules important for?

A

Organelle location and movement of cell components

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8
Q

What do microtubules do during cell division?

A

Form spindle fibres

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the cell cycle?

A

Regulates growth and replacement of genetically identical cells throughout the life of an organism

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10
Q

What happens if there’s an uncontrolled decrease in rate of cell cycle?

A

Degenerative diseases

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11
Q

What happens if there’s an uncontrolled increase?

A

Tumour formation

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12
Q

What are the four stages in cell division?

A

G1
S
G2
M

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13
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Protein synthesis, cytoplasmic organelles are synthesised and cell growth and chromosome replication

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14
Q

What are the three stages in interphase?

A

G1-proteins and organelles synthesised
S- continues growth and DNA replication
G2- proteins and organelles synthesised

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15
Q

What happens during mitotic phase?

A

Cell and contents divide

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16
Q

What are the four stages in the mitotic phase?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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17
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into pairs of sister chromatids and mitotic spindle forms between chromosomes which have the role of separating chromatids

18
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (located at the centre equator of the cell) and nuclear membrane breaks up so centrosome are now at opposite poles. Microtubules attach to kinetochore

19
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Paired centrosomes seperate and pairs of chromatids move apart so each pole has a complete and identical set of chromosomes

20
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Cell lengthens and nuclear membranes form around chromosomes. Chromosomes begin to uncoil

21
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The separation of the cytoplasm to form two identical daughter cells

22
Q

What are the three checkpoints that occur during cell cycle where stop and go signals regulate the cycle?

A

G1
G2
Metaphase

23
Q

What happens at G1 checkpoint?

A

It occurs at the end of G1 and tests specific growth must have occurred to enter the S phase

24
Q

What happens at G2 checkpoint?

A

It occurs st the end of G2 and tests DNA replication must be complete for cell cycle to continue

25
Q

What happens at metaphase checkpoint?

A

It occurs during metaphase and controls entry to anaphase and ensures chromosomes are aligned correctly on metaphase plate

26
Q

What is the most significant checkpoint?

A

G1

27
Q

What happens if the cell doesn’t pass G1 checkpoint?

A

It enters G0 which is the non-proliferating state and it’s held there until sufficient growth is achieved

28
Q

What happens during G1 phase?

A

Cyclin proteins accumulate

29
Q

What happens with cyclins?

A

Cyclins combine with regulatory proteins cyclin-dependent-kinases (cdk’s) which activate them and active cdks cause the phosphorylation of proteins that stimulate the cell cycle

30
Q

What happens if insufficient threshold of phosphorylation is reached?

A

The cell is held at that checkpoint

31
Q

What does cdks do?

A

They phosphorylase a transcription factor inhibitor called retinoblastoma

32
Q

What does retinoblastoma do?

A

Is frees the transcription factor and initiates S phase

33
Q

What is triggered when DNA is damaged?

A

p53 is activated

34
Q

What happens if DNA is damaged during S phase?

A
  • stimulate DNA repair
  • arrest the cell cycle
  • cause cell death
35
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

36
Q

What two enzymes are involved in apoptosis?

A

Caspases and DNAases

37
Q

What are caspases?

A

Proteases that breakdown proteins

38
Q

What are DNAases?

A

They breakdown DNA and are activated by caspases

39
Q

How can apoptosis be triggered from outside the cell?

A

Signals binding to surface receptors to activate protein cascades that trigger active caspases

40
Q

What two ways can apoptosis be triggered from within the cell?

A

p53 activates caspase cascade

Growth factors are not present

A/ AH Biology: Unit 1 (6 decks)

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