Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A/ AH Biology: Unit 1 > Key Area 5: Comunication within Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

Key Area 5: Comunication within Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are three stages of coordination?

A

Signalling molecules
Receptors
Responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens when a signal binds to a receptor?

A

Conformational change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do different cells respond differently to signals?

A

The receptors the cell contains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are the receptors for hydrophobic signals found?

A

Within the cell or nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do hydrophobic signals pass through the membrane?

A

Easily because of their hydrophobic nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are two examples of hydrophobic signal molecules?

A

Thyroxine and steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

A protein that initiates the transcription of DNA to mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are thyroid hormones used for?

A

To control transcription of the sodium-potassium pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe how thyroid hormones are used to control the transcription of the sodium potassium pump

A

Thyroxine binds to receptor causing conformational change leading to de-binding of DNA and allowing transcription
In the absence of thyroxine, thyroid receptors bind to DNA preventing transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What receptor protein does steroid hormones bind to?

A

Transcription factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do steroid hormones regulate transcription?

A

By binding to their receptor and switching on/off the gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are receptors for hydrophilic signals found?

A

On the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are examples of hydrophilic signal molecules?

A

Peptide hormones

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three stages of communication?

A
  • reception
  • transduction
  • response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens during reception?

A

Signal molecule binds to receptor protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during transduction?

A

Conformational change of protein followed by activation of other molecules and amplification of signal

17
Q

What happens during response?

A

Activation of some other cellular response

18
Q

How do hydrophilic signal molecules move across the membrane?

A

They don’t enter the cell, the hydrophilic signal is transducer across the membrane

19
Q

What are two possible outcomes of hydrophilic transduced signals?

A
  • cascades is G-proteins

- phosphorylation by kinases

20
Q

Describe how G-protein linked receptors work

A

g-protein linked receptor becomes activates when a signal molecule binds, which changes confirmation of the receptor so jt can activate the G-protein. GTP displaces GDP and a further protein enzyme is activated which triggers a response

21
Q

Describe how phosphorylation works?

A

Membrane protein receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are activates by binding of signal molecules. Kinases carry out phosphorylation of tyrosine amino acids on receptor followed by a series of phosphorylation of other cytoplasmic molecules. Eventually a protein will be activated that induces a cellular response such as transcription of a particular gene.

22
Q

How are signals amplified in phosphorylation by kinases?

A

Phosphorylation cascades amplifies signals

23
Q

What is insulin?

A

Peptide hormone

24
Q

Where are insulin receptors found?

A

Fat and muscle cells

25
Q

What happens when insulin binds to receptor?

A

It stimulates the recruitment of GLUT4 which is the name of a glucose transporter found within intracellular membranes of fat and muscle cells

26
Q

How does diabetes Type I occur?

A

When insulin is not produced

27
Q

How does diabetes Type II occur?

A

When receptors of insulin fail to respond

28
Q

What type of Diabetes is usually associated with obesity?

A

Diabetes Type II

29
Q

How can you cure Diabetes Type II?

A

Exercise as it encourages the recruitment of GLUT4

30
Q

What is ADH?

A

A peptide hormone

31
Q

Where are receptors for ADH found?

A

Kidney tubules

32
Q

What happens when ADH binds to its receptor?

A

It brings about recruitment of water transporter to cell membrane

33
Q

What is the name of the water transporter?

A

Aquaporin two

34
Q

What is AQP2 responsible for?

A

Efficient water movement across membranes in kidneys in terrestrial vertebrates

35
Q

What condition is caused by failure to produce ADH?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

36
Q

What are the two ways diabetes insipidus can occur?

A

Failure to produce ADH

Loss of receptor function

A/ AH Biology: Unit 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions