Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Higher Human Biology Unit 1 > Key Area 3 > Flashcards

Key Area 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are genes made of?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are genes found?

A

On chromosomes inside the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a gene carry the code for?

A

A protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens if a gene is expressed?

A

The protein that is coded for by that gene will be produced by the cell at a ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 2 processes are involved in gene expression?

A

Transcription and Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 3 types of RNA are involved in transcription and translation?

A

mRNA (messenger)
rRNA (ribosomal)
tRNA (transfer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single stranded molecule composed of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an RNA nucleotide composed of?

A

Ribose Sugar
Phosphate
Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 possible bases in RNA?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are RNA nucleotides joined?

A

In the same way as DNA nucleotides - sugar phosphate backbone etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does mRNA carry the code from the nucleus to ribosome?

A

It is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a codon?

A

A triplet of bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does each codon do?

A

Codes for a specific amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Forms the ribosome along with proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is tRNA involved in?

A

The translation of mRNA into a polypeptide at a ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do tRNA molecules do?

A

Carry specific amino acids to the ribosome where they are joined together to produce a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is different about tRNA structurally?

A

It folds due to complementary base pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an anti codon?

A

An exposed triplet of bases

21
Q

Describe the structure of tRNA

A

4 bits that stick out - amino attachment site at one end and anti codon at the other

22
Q

Describe Transcription

A

RNA polymerase moves to the area of the chromosome that contains the gene which is to be expressed

RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds between bases

RNA polymerase synthesizes a primary transcript of mRNA nucleotides by complementary base pairs

The process continues along the gene and the nucleotides are joined together

The mRNA primary transcript detaches from the DNA and is ready to undergo splicing

23
Q

What 2 regions do genes contain?

A

Coding and non coding

24
Q

What are coding regions called?

A

Exons

25
Q

What are non coding regions called?

A

Introns

26
Q

What process do exons and introns undergo to give the primary transcript?

A

Transcription

27
Q

What happens to introns during transcription?

A

They are removed

28
Q

What happens to exons during transcription?

A

They remain and will be expressed

29
Q

How are exons joined together?

A

Splicing

30
Q

What happens to the order of the exons during splicing?

A

It remains unchanged

31
Q

What happens to the mature transcript?

A

It leaves the nucleus and moves towards a ribosome for the process of translation

32
Q

What will be at the beginning of the mature transcript?

A

A specific sequence known as the start codon

33
Q

What will be at the end of the mature transcript?

A

A stop codon

34
Q

Where does translation begin?

A

The start codon

35
Q

Where does translation end?

A

The stop codon

36
Q

How is the genetic code translated into a sequence of amino acids?

A

Anti codons bond to codons by complementary base pairing

37
Q

How are amino acids joined together?

A

peptide bonds forming a polypeptide

38
Q

What happens to tRNA as the polypeptide is formed?

A

It leaves the ribosome

39
Q

What happens structurally to the polypeptide?

A

It will fold to create the 3D shape of a protein

40
Q

How is the polypeptide structure maintained?

A

Hydrogen bonding and other interactions between individual amino acids

41
Q

What does a protein’s shape determine?

A

It’s function

42
Q

What do proteins produced by a cell as a result of gene expression determine?

A

Our phenotype

43
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical characteristics

44
Q

What other factors can influence phenotype?

A

Environmental factors such as diet, chemicals, and radiation

45
Q

How many genes are in the human genome?

A

25000

46
Q

how many types of protein can a human cell produce?

A

Over 1 million

47
Q

How is it possible for 1 gene to produce more than 1 protein?

A

Alternative Splicing

48
Q

What happens in Alternative splicing?

A

different combinations of exons can be included in the mature transcript, meaning different proteins are produced after translation

Higher Human Biology Unit 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions