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Higher Human Biology Unit 1 > Key Area 1 > Flashcards

Key Area 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which 2 types of human cells are there?

A

Somatic and Germline

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2
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

any cell in the body other than those involved in reproduction

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3
Q

give 3 examples of a somatic cell

A

bone, lung, brain, blood, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, pancreatic, kidney, liver

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4
Q

how to somatic cells divide?

A

mitosis

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5
Q

what does mitosis allow to be maintained?

A

diploid chromosome compliment

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6
Q

how many pairs of homologous chromosomes do diploid cells have?

A

23

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7
Q

where are germline cells found?

A

reproductive organs

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8
Q

what are germline cells

A

stem cells that divide to form gametes

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9
Q

give 2 examples of a gamete

A

sperm ova

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10
Q

how do germline cells divide?

A

mitosis and meiosis

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11
Q

what happens when germline cells divide by mitosis?

A

more germline stem cells are produced

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12
Q

what happens when germline cells divide by meiosis?

A

haploid gametes are produced

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13
Q

which 2 divisions must a cell undergo in meiosis

A

separating homologous chromosomes

separating chromatids

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14
Q

how many single chromosomes do haploid gametes have?

A

23

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15
Q

why do cells need different genes to be expressed?

A

genes carry the code to make proteins and different proteins are needed for different cells

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16
Q

what are housekeeping genes?

A

genes required by every cell to maintain basic functions and structures

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17
Q

give 2 examples of genes only needed by specific cells

A

pancreatic cells need genes to produce insulin and glucagon

stomach cells need genes to produce pepsin for digestion

18
Q

describe gene expression

A

all cells contain all genes ( in somatic cells ) but only some are required for each cell. the cell can turn on (express) genes that are required and turn off any that are not

19
Q

what is cellular differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins needed for that type of cell.

20
Q

What does cellular differentiation allow?

A

allows cells to go from an unspecialised stem cell to a cell which can carry out a specialised function

21
Q

do all stem cells differentiate?

A

no, some will self renew

22
Q

describe cellular differentiation in an early embryo

A

cells can differentiate into all cell types because all genes can be expressed

23
Q

what term is used to describe embryonic stem cells?

A

pluripotent

24
Q

what are tissue stem cells involved in?

A

growth, repair and renewal of cells found in that tissue

25
Q

what can tissue stem cells differentiate into?

A

all types of cell found in a particular type of tissue

26
Q

why can tissue stem cells only differentiate into cells found in a particular type of tissue

A

only some genes in tissue stem cells can be expressed

27
Q

what can blood stem cells located in bone marrow differentiate into?

A

red blood cells
platelets
phagocytes
lymphocytes

28
Q

what term is used to describe tissue stem cells?

A

multi potent

29
Q

why are embryonic stem cells used in research?

A

the embryo can self renew under the right conditions

30
Q

give 2 examples of therapeutic uses of stem cells

A

corneal repair

regeneration of damaged skin

31
Q

give 2 examples of research uses of stem cells

A

provides information on cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation work
study how diseases develop or can be used in drug testing

32
Q

what are the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cell use?

A
  • offers effective treatment of disease and injury

- involves destruction of embryos and potential life

33
Q

what signals do cells constantly send?

A

regulatory signals both internally and externally

34
Q

when are cell signals sent and detected?

A

if the cell’s DNA becomes damaged

35
Q

what happens after the cell sends signals and the signals are detected?

A

action is taken to repair DNA damage

36
Q

What happens to a cell if DNA damage cannot be repaired?

A

the cell will send another signal instructing apoptosis

37
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

38
Q

what does apoptosis prevent?

A

the damaged cell undergoing mitosis

39
Q

when does cancer occur?

A

when apoptosis fails and the cell does not die, instead, the damaged cell divides excessively

40
Q

what does the failure of apoptosis result in

A

a mass of abnormal cells ( tumour ) forming

41
Q

what happens if tumours fail to attach to each other?

A

they can spread around the body and cause secondary tumours to form

Higher Human Biology Unit 1 (8 decks)

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