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Advanced Biology > Key Area 3 > Flashcards

Key Area 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids
Proteins

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2
Q

Properties of phospholipids?

A

The head region of a phospholipid molecule is charged, therefore hydrophilic (attracted to water)

The tail region is uncharged and non-polar, therefore hydrophobic( repelled by water)

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3
Q

What gives the membrane its fluid quality?

A

The phospholipids constantly changing position.

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4
Q

What are the different functions of proteins found within the membrane?

A
  • active transport proteins
  • channel forming proteins
  • enzymes
  • receptors
  • attachment proteins for the cell cytoskeleton
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5
Q

What are the different types of protein in the plasma membrane?

A

Integral protein
Peripheral protein

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6
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

These are proteins found within the membrane. Some are transmembrane proteins.

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7
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

This means they span the entire width of the membrane.

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8
Q

What do integral membrane proteins interact with?

A

They interact extensively with the hydrophobic region of membrane phospholipids.

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9
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

These proteins are found on the surface of the membrane.

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10
Q

Properties of peripheral membranes?

A
  • they may have hydrophilic R groups on their surface and are bound to the surface of membranes
  • they are mainly bound by ionic and hydrogen bond interactions
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11
Q

What are the types of proteins involved in transporting substances?

A

Channel proteins
Transporter proteins
Protein pumps

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12
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It is the passive transport of substances across the membrane through specific transmembrane proteins.

Proteins that use this are channel proteins and transporter proteins.

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13
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

Channels are multi-subunit proteins with the subunits arranged to form water-filled pores that extend across the membrane.

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14
Q

What are most channel proteins like in animal and plant cells?

A

Highly selective

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15
Q

What is the stimulus that causes gates channels to open?

A

Chemical ( ligand-gated)
Electrical (voltage-gated)

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16
Q

What is the stimulus that causes gates channels to open?

A

Chemical ( ligand-gated)
Electrical (voltage-gated)

17
Q

Properties of ligand-gated channels?

A

Always signal

Ligand-gated channels are controlled by the binding of signal molecules (ligands)

When the correct signal molecule binds, the gate opens allowing ions to flow through.

18
Q

Properties of voltage- gated channels?

A

Always ion concentration

Voltage-gated channels are controlled by changes in ion concentration

19
Q

What are transporter proteins?

A

These are proteins that bind to the specific substance to be transported and undergo a conformational change to transfer the solute across the membrane.

20
Q

Why do transporter proteins alternate between two conformations?

A

This is so the binding site for a solute is sequentially exposed on one side of the bilateral than the other.

21
Q

What are protein pumps?

A

They are used by active transport to transfer substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient.

22
Q

What are pumps that mediate active transport?

A

These are transporters proteins coupled to an energy source.

23
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

The concentration gradient and the electrical potential difference combined.

24
Q

What does the electrochemical gradient determine?

A

The transport of the solute. i.e how and where the solute goes

25
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration of a solute across the plasma membrane

26
Q

What is the electrical potential difference?

A

Also known as the membrane potential. It is created when there is a difference in electrical charge in two sides of the membrane.

27
Q

Process of the sodium potassium pump?

A

It transports ions against a steel concentration gradient using energy directly from ATP hydrolysis.
- it actively transports 3 sodium ions out of cells and 2 potassium ions in.

28
Q

What happens for each ATP hydrolysed?

A

Three sodium ions are transported out of the cell and two potassium ions are transported into the cell.

29
Q

What is the function of the sodium potassium pump in the small intestine?

A

The sodium potassium pump generates a sodium ion gradient across the plasma membrane. This gradient drives the active transport of glucose.

30
Q

What is the glucose symport?

A

The glucose transporter responsible for the active transport of glucose

31
Q

What does the glucose symport transport?

A

It transports sodium ions and glucose at the same time and in the same direction

Advanced Biology (5 decks)

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