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Advanced Biology > Key Area 1 > Flashcards

Key Area 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a hazard?

A

Anything which can cause harm

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2
Q

What is risk?

A

Risk is the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard.

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3
Q

What does a risk assessment involve?

A

Identifying control measures to minimise the risk

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4
Q

What are some hazards in the lab?

A

Toxic or corrosive chemicals
Heat or flammable substances
Pathogenic organisms
Mechanical equipment

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5
Q

What do linear dilutions range by?

A

Equal intervals e.g. 0.1ml , 0.2ml

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6
Q

What do log dilutions range by?

A

Differ by a constant proportion e.g 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 etc

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7
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

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8
Q

What is a colorimeter used for?

A

To measure the concentration of a coloured solution or the turbidity(cloudiness)

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9
Q

What does centrifugation separate substances by?

A

Density

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10
Q

What does the pellet and supernatant contain?

A

Pellet: densest materials at bottom of tube
Supernatant: less dense materials remain in liquid above pellet

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11
Q

What does chromatography do?

A

Allows scientists to identify and/or purify the components of a mixture

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of chromatography?

A

Paper chromatography
Thin layer chromatography
Affinity chromatography

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13
Q

What is paper and thin layer chromatography?

A

When a sample of the picture is being separated is placed in a dot near the bottom of a strip of chromatography paper, which is then placed in a solvent.

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14
Q

How is the Rf value calculated?

A

Rf = distance travelled by dot/ distance travelled by solvent

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15
Q

What is affinity chromatography?

A

It is used to separate target proteins

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16
Q

What is the process of affinity chromatography?

A

Solid matrix or gel column created with specific molecules bound to matrix or gel. Soluble, target proteins with high affinity for these molecules become attached and non-target molecules with a weaker affinity are washed out.

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17
Q

What does gel electrophoresis do?

A

Separates proteins and nucleic acids based upon their:
Charge
Shape
Size

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18
Q

What is isoelectric point?

A

The isoelectric point of a protein is the pH at which it has no net charge. At this pH the protein will precipitate out of the solution.

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19
Q

Features and properties of antibodies?

A

Made by b-lymphocytes
Specific to one type of antigen(foreign proteins found on microbes)
Each lymphocyte makes one specific antibody which will bind to one specific antigen and make the antigen harmless

20
Q

What are immunoassy techniques used for?

A

To detect and identify specific proteins. Can use antigens to detect antibodies or vice versa.

21
Q

Process of antibodies detecting antigens?

A

Stocks of antibodies with the same specificity, known as monoclonal antibodies. Antibody specific to target antigen bound to surface of multiwell plate. Same is added and if farther antigen is present it will bind to antibody.

22
Q

How to know if the antigen has bound?

A

Another antibody specific to the antigen is added and linked to a chemical ‘label’.
The ‘label’ is often a reporter enzyme producing a colour change, but chemiluminescence, fluorescence and other reporters can be used.

23
Q

Antigens to detect antibodies?

A

In some cases the assay uses a specific antigen to detect the presence of antibodies

24
Q

What is western blotting?

A

A technique used after SDS-PAGE electrophoresis

25
Q

What can identify proteins?

A

Specific antibodies that have reporter enzymes attached

26
Q

What are the 2 types of microscopy?

A

Bright field microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy

27
Q

What is bright field microscopy?

A

Form of microscopy commonly used to observe:
Whole organisms
Parts of organisms
Thing sections of dissected tissue or individual cells
Lower resolution.

28
Q

What is fluorescence microscopy?

A

Form of microscopy that uses specific fluorescent labels to bring to and visualise certain molecules or structure within cells or tissue.
Higher resolution.

29
Q

What are aseptic techniques?

A

Techniques that eliminate unwanted microbial contaminants when culturing microorganisms or cells.

30
Q

What does aseptic technique involve?

A

Involves the sterilisation of equipment and culture media by heat or chemical means and subsequent exclusion of microbial contaminants.

31
Q

What are examples of aseptic techniques?

A
  • Wear a lab coat
  • Throughly wash hands
  • Smooth, in-absorbent work surface with disinfectant
  • Autoclave or pressure cooker to sterilise glassware
  • sterile petri dishes of nutrient agar
  • wire loop flames before use to destroy unwanted microbes
  • bin lined with plastic bag for safe disposal of used plates
32
Q

What is cell culture?

A

The ability to grow cells in an artificial laboratory environment. E.g culturing mammalian cells for cancer studies

33
Q

How can a microbial culture be started?

A

Can be started by using an inocululm of microbial cells in an agar medium or in a broth with suitable nutrients.

34
Q

What do plant and animal cell cultures require?

A

Require complex culture media which contain all the requirements of the cells

35
Q

What are typical culture media?

A

Water
Salts
Amino acids
Vitamins
Glucose

36
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation. Growth factors are essential for the culture of most animal cells.

37
Q

What is a cell line?

A

A genetically uniform cell culture developed from a single cell. Primary cell lines can divide a limited number of times. Tumour cells can perform unlimited divisions.

38
Q

What does plating out allow?

A

Playing out of a liquid microbial culture in solid media allows the number of colons forming units to be counted and the density is the cells in the culture estimated.

39
Q

What is a haemocytometer?

A

A haemocytometer allows an estimation of the number of cells in the sample to be made. It resembles a specialised microscope slide.

40
Q

How can the reliability of results be improved?

A

The number of cells should be counted and an average calculated

41
Q

Disadvantages of using a haemocytometer?

A
  • Dead cellls are not distinguished from live cells (unless stained)
  • small cells are difficult to locate
  • time consuming
  • numbers obtained are only an estimate
42
Q

Total and viable cell count

A

A haemocytometer can be used to provide an estimate of both the total and viable cell number.

43
Q

What is the viable cell count?

A

The number of live actively growing/dividing cells in a sample

44
Q

What is the total cell count?

A

The number of dead and live cells

45
Q

What is trypan blue dye used for?

A

It is taken up by dead cells but not by living cells. A viable cell count can be performed where only unstained cells are counted.

46
Q

How is a total cell count performed?

A

It is performed by counting up all of the cells, including those with trypan blue.

Advanced Biology (5 decks)

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