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Biology: Unit 2 > Key Area 2: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Key Area 2: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

In what domains are cellular respiration pathways present?

A

All three

Prokaryotes, arches, eukaryotes

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2
Q

What type of energy is in ATP?

A

Chemical energy

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3
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A
  • transfer chemical energy

- provide the link between catabolic and anabolic reactions

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4
Q

Name four uses of of ATP?

A
  • muscular contractions
  • active transport
  • mitosis
  • making proteins
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5
Q

What enzyme is involved in synthesis of ATP?

A

ATP synthase

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6
Q

Where is ATP synthase located?

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

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7
Q

What happens to hydrogen in the production of ATP?

A

Hydrogen ions are actively transported across the membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration
They then flow through atp synthase which then rotated and synthesised adp and pi

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8
Q

Where does the energy used to pump hydrogen across the membrane come from?

A

High energy electrons

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

What molecule begins glycolysis?

A

6 carbon glucose

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11
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The adding of a phosphate to a molecule

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12
Q

What is glycolysis controlled by?

A

The enzyme dehydrogenase

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13
Q

What happens to atp in the energy investments phase?

A

2ATP are phosphorylated and the phosphates are added to the glucose molecule to make intermediates

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14
Q

Is oxygen needed for glycolysis?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the hydrogen carrier in glycolysis and what happens to it in the energy payoff phase?

A

NAD

Hydrogen and electron are added, it becomes NADH and the carrier takes these to the electron transport chain

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16
Q

What is the end product in glycolysis?

A

Two 3c pyruvate

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18
Q

What is the total ATP produced?

A

2ATP

19
Q

Where is the citric acid cycle located?

A

The matrix of the mitochondria

20
Q

Is oxygen needed for the citric acid cycle?

A

Yes, it is needed for the pyruvate to enter the matrix

21
Q

What happens once the pyruvate loses a carbon?

A

It becomes acetyl group which then combines with coenzyme A and from a acetyle COA

22
Q

What does acetyl COA combine with?

A

Oxaloacetate to make citrate

23
Q

What is a waste product of the citric acid cycle?

A

Co2

Carbon combines with oxygen

24
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase?

A

Removed hydrogen and electrons

25
Q

What are the carriers and what do they become with hydrogen and electrons added?

A

NAD - NADH

FAD - FADH

26
Q

What happens to the molecule once after it’s lost two carbon?

A

Reconverted into oxaloacetate so it can combine with another acetyl COA and the cycle continues

27
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

28
Q

What is the electron transport chain made of?

A

Electron transport proteins

29
Q

What is the energy from electrons used for in the electron transport chain?

A

To pump hydrogen ions across the membrane

30
Q

Is oxygen needed for the electron transport chain?

A

Yes

31
Q

What is the role of oxygen?

A

Oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor

32
Q

What is made when oxygen combines with H+ and electrons?

A

Water

33
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The release of energy from glucose with no oxygen present

34
Q

In fermentation, what is the pyruvate converted into in animals?

A

Lactate

35
Q

In fermentation, what is pyruvate converted into in plants?

A

Carbon dioxide and ethanol

36
Q

How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration and fermentation?

A

Aerobic respiration: 38ATP

fermentation: 2ATP

37
Q

How is glucose stored in animals and plants?

A

Animals: as glycogen
Plants: as starch

38
Q

What are the respiratory substrates?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats
39
Q

Where do proteins enter the metabolic pathway?

A

Enter at

40
Q

Where do fats enter the pathway?

A

They are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids: glycerol enters at glycolysis and fatty acids enter as acetyl COA

41
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Release of energy from glucose with oxygen present

Biology: Unit 2 (8 decks)

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