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P & P (Midterm) > Kennel/cattery vacc protocols (Stone) > Flashcards

Kennel/cattery vacc protocols (Stone) Flashcards

1
Q

Max health and production

A
  1. minimize stress (good and bad)
  2. ideal housing
  3. good nutrition
  4. parasite control
  5. disease prevention
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2
Q

Handle animals in order of….

A
  • age and immune status
    • puppies, preggos, young adults, adults, sick animals
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3
Q

Immunoprophylaxis

A
  • enhanceet of a specific immune response in an attempt to protect an animal from disease
    • vaccination
    • passive transfer
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4
Q

Innate immunity

A
  • exists prior to foreign Ag exposure
  • physical barriers, phagocytic cells, natural killer cells
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5
Q

Acquired Immunity

A
  • Develops upon a foregn Ag stimulation
  • Humoral Immunity B-cells (antibodies)
  • Cell mediated Immunity T-cells
  • Secretory IgA
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6
Q

Passive Immunization

A
  • artificial transfer of specific antibodies
  • immediate protection
  • allergic/immune reactions
  • short-lived resistance
  • transfer of disease possible
  • oral, IM, IP, SQ
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7
Q

Active Immunization

A
  • give an Ag to produce an immune response
  • costs less than passive immunization
  • takes time to produce immunity
  • long lived immunity
    • months, years, life
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8
Q

Maternal Antibodies

A
  • Colostral antibodies: 82-98%
  • Transplacental Antibodies: 2-18%
  • Absorbed in 1st 24-72 hours
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9
Q

offsprings antibody level affected by

A
  • maternal antibody titer
  • amount of colostrum received
  • parasitism
  • environment
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10
Q

critical period

Test question

A
  • Elimination of maternal antibody in the neonate in relation to vaccination
  • 6-8
  • 14-16 weeks
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11
Q

Modified-live Attenuated

A
  • whole agent
  • recombinant vector
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12
Q

Inactivated/non-infectious

A
  • whole agent - killed
  • purified subunit
  • recombinant protein
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13
Q

Advantages of modified-live vaccines

A
  • replicate in host
  • provide more rapid protection
  • produce longer-lasting immunity
  • lower Ag mass - fewer reactions
  • better stimulates CMI
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14
Q

Disadvantages Modified-Live Vaccines

A
  • Reversion to virulence (very rare)
    • immunosuppressed
    • neonates
  • Can cause immune suppression
    • all the vet students across the street…lol
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15
Q

Recombinant Vector

A
  • Genetic code for key immunogenic proteins inserted into a non-pathogenic vector
  • Pox virus, herpesvirus, bovine papillomavirus, simian virus 40, adenovirus
  • PUREVAX (Rabies, FeLV) - Merial (Cats)
  • Recombitek Distemper - Merial (Dogs)
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16
Q

Intranasal or Oral

modified live

A
  • Immune response within 3-5 days
  • higher levels of IgA
  • Readily reverts to varulence
  • More post vaccinal signs (IN)
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17
Q

Parenteral

Modified Live Products

A
  • Immune response within 7-10 days
  • high levels of IgG
  • Does not revert to virulence as readily
  • fewer post vaccinl signs
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18
Q

Advantages of inactivated vaccines (whole agent)

A
  • Don’t replicate in host
  • no reversion to virulence
  • safer in immunosuppressed or neonates
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19
Q

Disadvantages of Inactivated vaccines (whole agent)

A
  • requires more vaccinations
  • more allergenic due to higher Ag mass
  • requires adjuvant
  • shorter duration of immunity (DOI)
  • initial protection requires a booster
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20
Q

Purified subunit

(inactivated vaccines)

A
  • Purified antigenic components of the infectious agent
  • less allergenic than killed whole agent
  • Leukocell 2 - Zoetis (cats)
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21
Q

Recombinant protein

(inactivated vaccines)

A
  • Desired gene clonged into organism, produced in vitro then harvested
  • Recombitek Lyme - Merial
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22
Q

Adjuvants

A
  • added to increase duration and amount of immunostimulation
  • Types
    1. aluminum hydroxide
    2. mycobacteria/endotoxins
    3. carbopol
    4. oil
    5. liposomes
    6. freund’s complete
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23
Q

Vaccination does not equal

A

immunization

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24
Q

Categories of vaccine failure

A
  • Host factors
  • Vaccine factors
  • Human factors
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25
Q

Host factors

A
  • immunodeficiency
  • maternal Ab
  • Age
  • Pregnancy
  • Fever/hypothermia
  • stress/illness
  • incubating disease
  • drug therapy
  • general debilitation
  • malnutrition
  • hormonal changes
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26
Q

Vaccine factors

A
  • improper storage/handling
  • biological variation
  • strain differences
  • excessive attenuation
  • reversion to virulence
  • overwhelming exposure
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27
Q

Human factors

A
  • hospital protocol
  • vaccine interference
    • 2 week interval
  • improper mixing/amount
  • exposed at time of vaccination
  • improper route of admin
  • improper use of disinfectants
  • concurrent use of microbials or immunosuppressive drugs
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28
Q

steroids and vaccination

A
  • ok to vaccinate an animal on steroids for inflammation
  • not ok to vaccinate an animal on immunosuppressive doses steroids
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29
Q

Vaccination reactions

A
  • local
  • mild systematic
  • fetal resorption, abortions, birth defects
  • immune complex disease
  • anaphylaxis
  • immune mediated hemolytic anemia (or thrombocytopenia)
  • Vaccine induced neoplasia
  • contamination of multidose vials
  • adventitious agents
  • febrile limping syndrome of acats
  • vaccine assoc disease of young akitas
  • incomplete attenuation causing disease
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30
Q

Core vaccines dogs

A
  • canine distemper virus
  • canine parvovirus
  • infectious canine hepatitis
  • rabies
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31
Q

core vaccines cats

A
  • rabies
  • feline panleukopenia
  • feline herpes virus
  • feline calicivirus
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32
Q

Non-core vaccines dogs

A
  • given based on risk assessment
  • canine corona virus
  • canine parainfluenza virus
  • leptospirosis
  • bordetella
  • lyme
  • influenza
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33
Q

Non-core vaccines cats

A
  • Feline Leukemia (core in kittens)
  • FIV
  • FIP
  • Chlamydophila
  • bordetella (zoonotic to peeps too)
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34
Q

Risk assessment

A
  • shelters/breeders
  • outdoor enthusiast
  • outdoor socialite
  • indoor socialite
  • indoor elitist
  • indoor pampered pet
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35
Q

Canine

A
  • Transmission
    • virus shed in body secretions
    • primary source of exposure: aerosol
    • often young dogs kept in groups
    • virus shedding ceases 1-2 weeks post-recovery
    • virus labile
      • survives hours to days
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36
Q

Canine distemper

CS

A
  • chorioretinitis + keratoconjunctivitis + CNS signs = pretty unique to distemper
  • other signs
    • respiratory
    • GI
    • CNS signs: seizures, ataxia, myoclonus
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37
Q

Canine distemper

DX

A
  • Clinical signs/inadequate vaccine history
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38
Q

Canine distemper

Prevention

A
  • MLV most common
  • vaccinate on intake to group housing situation
  • vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks
  • booster in 1 year then q 1-3 years depending on risk
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39
Q

Distemper

recombinant vector

A
  • Recombitek CDV at first vaccine (merial)
  • more rapid immunity, booster annualy
    • long term immunity when boostered with attenuated virus vaccine
  • Many shelters use this when they can afford it
40
Q

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

(Canine Adenovirus Type I (CAV-1)

Transmission

A
  • oronasal
  • shed in all secretions
  • shed 6-9 months in urine post recovery
  • resistant to inactivation and disinfection
41
Q

Infectious canine hepatitis

CS

A
  • Per acute: death within hours
  • Acute
    • 5-7 day course
    • V/D abdominal pain
    • Corneal edema (blue eye)
    • Anterior uveitis
    • CNS signs
      • hepatic encephalopathy
      • hypoglycemia or non-suppurative encephalitis
42
Q

Infectious canine hepatitis

DX

A
  • clincal signs in unvaccinated dogs < 1 yr old
43
Q

Infectous canine hepatitis

Prevention

A
  • MLV
  • Canine adenovirus type 1 vaccine
    • can cause anterior uveitis/nephritis
    • don’t use this
  • CAV-2 vaccine
    • cross protection without reaction
  • vaccinate on intake to group housing
  • vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks
  • booster in 1 year then q 1-3 yrs depending on risk
44
Q

Canine Leptospirosis

Transmission

A
  • Direct contact
    • urine
    • veneral
    • placenta
    • bites
    • ingesting tissue
  • Indirect contact
    • contaminated water, bedding, soil
    • recent flooding

*Rodent and wild animal reservoirs

45
Q

Canine leptospirosis

CS

A
  • Fever, depression, anorexia, muscle mpain
  • dehydration, congested mucous membranes
  • acute renal failure
  • acute hepatic failure
  • DIC
46
Q

Canine Leptospirosis

DX

A
  • serology: microscopic agglutination test
    • ​4-fold rising titer
    • not a great test
47
Q

Lepto immunization reduces ….. and …. not ……

A

reduces incidence and severity not carrier state

48
Q

Duration of lepto immunity (killed whole agent)

Newer vaccines with purified proteins/subunits last

A

about 8 months

12 months

49
Q

Allergenicity of Lepto vaccine

A
  • historically highly allergenic
    • anaphylaxis: treat and discontinue use
    • avoid in mini dachshunds
    • combo with other killed products > anaphylaxis
50
Q

Lepto vaccination schedule

A
  • no cross protection between serovars
  • vaccinate at >/= 9 weeks then q 2-4 weeks for 2-3 doses
  • As adults: q 6-12 months depending on risk
  • 2 serovar vaccine not recommended
  • 4 serovar one is recommended by AVMA
  • important in any at risk animal
51
Q

Canine Infectious Trachebronchitis

(Canine cough complex)

causes

A
  • Virus
    • parainfluenza
    • adenovirus type-2
    • canine distemper
    • canine herpesvirus
    • canine influenza
  • Bacteria
    • bordetella bronchiseptica
    • streptococcus
  • mycoplasmas
52
Q

Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

Transmission

A
  • Highly contagious via aerosol spread
  • fomite transmission
  • incubation period 5-7 days (3-10)
  • group confinement is a risk factor
53
Q

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis

CS

A
  • mild - death
    • summer and fall
    • paroxysmal, honking cough
    • gagging/retching
    • inc w/activity
    • cough elicited by tracheal palpation
    • BAR
54
Q

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis

DX

A
  • clinical signs and exposure history
  • culture-nasal or tracheobronchial swabs
  • rads
    • bact pneum looks different than viral pneum
  • cytology
55
Q

Parainfluenza prevention

(usually a commensal thing)

Intranasal

A
  • Intranasal
    • IgA, MLV
    • less maternal interference
    • rapid protection, post vaccinal signs
    • 1 dose at > 3 weeks of age or 7-14 days pre-board
56
Q

Parainfluenza prevention

Parenteral

A
  • 2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart
  • MLV
  • Takes longer for protection
  • reduces clinical signs, not shedding
  • less post vaccinal signs
57
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptial prevention

Nasal or oral

A
  • live avirulent
  • given w/ parainfluenza
  • IgA w/in 4 days
  • protects against clinical dz and shedding
  • mild signs post vaccine
  • 1 dose > 3 weeks or 7-14 days pre-board
  • no booster required….?
    • ​acts like a real infection, body boosters itself
    • stimulates all types of immunity
58
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica prevention

Parenteral

A
  • Killed
  • 2 doses, 2-4 wks apart or 7-14 days pre-board
  • vaccine reaction possible
  • only stimulating antibody reponse
    • booster required

*Zoonotic potential: recommend for owners that are immunosupressed

59
Q

Canine influenza

A
  • Influenza H3N8 and novel H3N2
  • Respiratory illness similar to kennel cough
    • can progress to life-threatening pneumonia
  • no seasonal comp
  • no relation to parainfluenza and no cross protection
60
Q

Canine Influenza vaccine

A
  • vaccination of susceptible dogs and quarantine and iso infected dogs
  • vaccine (merck and Zoetis)
    • inactivated virus
    • adjuvant
    • aid in control of disease
      • reduces severity and length of illness
      • reduces shedding and shedding interval
61
Q

Canine parvovirus

Transmission

A
  • CPV-2 late 1970s
  • CPV-2a and CPV-2b since 1980
  • Transmission
    • fecal-oral
    • virus survives many months
    • fomite and environmental contamination
    • signs begin in 4-7 days
    • disease in pups < 1 year old
      • esp < 6 mo
62
Q

Canine Parvo

CS

A
  • GI
  • Endotoxemia, sepsis, hypothermia
63
Q

Canine parvo

DX

A
  • CBC: leukopenia 500-2000/mcl
  • virology: ELISA (SNAP)
    • for fecal excretion of CPV-2
    • vaccination can interfere with test
64
Q

canine parvo

prevention

A
  • maternal Ab interference
  • vaccinate out to 16 weeks of age
  • vaccinate on intake to group housing
  • period of susceptibility
  • killed & MLV
    • MLV better protection
65
Q

Canine Coronavirus

A
  • almost always subclinical infection so dogs will develop own immunity
    • not sure why we vaccinate for it
  • not recommended for use
66
Q

Lyme disease

types of vaccines

A
  • killed whole cell
  • recombinant outer surface protein (Osp A)
  • Bacterin (Osp A, C)
67
Q

Lyme disease

prevention

A
  • tick control
  • vaccination in groups at risk
68
Q

Canine Rabies

about

A
  • Know rabies laws where you are
  • incidence in cats > dogs
  • virus labile outside of host
69
Q

Canine rabies

CS

A
  • death usually in 3-7 days
    • Prodromal phase 2-3 days
      • erratic behavior, fever, slow corneal and palpebral reflexes
    • Furious phase 2-4 days
      • irritable, barking, aggression, ataxia, seizure
    • Paralytic phase 2-4 days
      • paresis, paralysis, change in bark, drooling, coma
    • atypical
70
Q

Canine Rabies

DX

A
  • Submit animals head (CHILLED, NOT FROZEN)
  • Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA)
  • Histopath (negri bodies)
  • Mouse inoculation for confirmation
71
Q

Rabies

vaccination schedule

A
  • vaccinate at 12-16 weeks and repeat in 1 year
  • repeat in 1 yr if unsure of previous vaccine
  • Some 1 & 3 yr vaccines are same, some are different
  • killed vaccine highly adjuvanted:
    • granulomas
    • ear tip necrosis
72
Q

Feline upper respiratory disease

causes

A
  • virus
    • herpesvirus
    • calicivirus
  • bacteria
    • chlamydophila
    • bordetella
  • mycoplasmas
    • mycoplasma
73
Q

Herpes virus and calicivirus

transmission

A
  • Direct contact: oral, nasal, ocular
  • Fomites
    • FHV-susceptible, survives 18-24 hours
    • FCV-resistant, survives 8-10 days
  • Aerosol
    • sneeze can be propelled 4 feet
74
Q

Herpes virus and calicivirus

CS

A
  • anorexia
  • depression
  • fever
  • oro-nasal d/c
75
Q

FHV

CS

A
  • URI signs more sever, secondary bacterial infection
  • corneal involvement
  • intermittent shedding post infection
76
Q

FCV

CS

A
  • oral ulceration, more mild URI
  • myalgia/arthralgia
  • persistent shedding
77
Q

Herpesvirus and calicivirus prevention

A
  • vaccination only lessens clinical signs
  • vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks
  • vaccinate on intake to group housing
  • revaccinate in 1 year then q 1-3
    *
78
Q

Herpesvirus and calicivirus

Types of vaccines

A
  • MLV and killed, parenteral
  • MLV, intranasal
    • quicker immunity
    • consider in outbreak
    • causes CS
79
Q

Chlamydophila felis

A
  • causes conjunctivitis
  • stone doesn’t vaccinate for it, treats it if it happens (AB)
  • endemic in UK they use vaccine
80
Q

Bordetella

A
  • only a prob in catteries
81
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

CS

DX

A
  • CS
    • parvo virus in cats
    • targets rapidly dividing cells
    • adult infection: subclinical
    • kittens: same as parvo
    • neonates: cerebellar hypoplasia, thymic atrophy, fading kitten syndrome
  • DX
    • CS
82
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

Prevention

A
  • If you can vaccinate out to 16 weeks of age you can protect for life
  • vaccinate at 6-9 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 12-16 weeks
  • revaccinate in 1 year and then q 1-3 yrs
  • vaccination on intake to group housing
83
Q

Feline Leukemia

Transmission

A
  • intimate oro-nasal contact w/infected saliva
  • transplacental
  • milk borne (more common)
  • Virus survives 24-48 hours in environment
84
Q

Feline Leukemia

CS

A
  • Lymphoma, Leukemia
  • immunodeficiency
  • infertility, stillbirths, abortions
85
Q

Feline leukemia

DX

A
  • snap tests looking for antigen
  • ELISA, Screening
  • IFA, confirmatory
  • PCR
86
Q

Feline Leukemia Prevention

A
  • test before vaccination then in 2-3 months if high risk
    • most important in group housing
  • adjuvants in cats cause: fibrosarcoma
87
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency virus

A
  • Lentivirus
  • primary bite wounds
  • simple iso for FIV+ cats
88
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

DX

A
  • SNAP combo
    • in house antibody test
  • western blot
  • PCR, virus iso
89
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Prevention

A
  • record (chip, or notch) vaccinated animals because they will always test positive after the vaccination
90
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

A
  • can’t prevent it with vaccination
  • FIP can survive 7 weeks in environment, fomite transmission
  • Risk factors
    • 6 mos-2yrs, then > 10
    • purebreds
    • group confinement
    • concurrent infection (FeLV, FIV)
91
Q

FIP

CS

A
  • Fever, anorexia, weight loss, kitten mortality
  • effusive (wet) form
    • vasculitis causes abd/thoracic effusion
  • non-effusive (dry) form
    • multifocal pyogranulomatous inflammation
    • liver, kidney, spleen, eyes, nervous system
92
Q

FIP

vaccine

A
  • do environmental control
  • vaccine wont help
93
Q

Feline rabies

A
  • dog product can be used in cats (but there are adjuvants)
  • merial purevax
  • cats feel ick after 3 yr rabies
94
Q

objectives of vaccination

A
  • vaccinate largest possible number of animals in population at risk
  • vaccinate each animal no more frequently than necessary
  • vaccinate only against infectious agents to which individuals have a realistic risk of exposure, infection and disease
  • vaccinate only when the potential benefits of procedure outweigh potential risks
95
Q

To know

A
  1. window of susceptibilitiy
  2. priority of handling
  3. immunophrophylaxis
  4. core vs non-core
  5. partnership for healthy pets exits
  6. why do we do preventative care
  7. tools of preventative care

P & P (Midterm) (8 decks)

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