Keeping healthy

Question 1

what does a healthy diet contain?

Answer 1

carbs
proteins
fats
minerals
fibre
water

Question 2

what’s the definition of metabolic rate?

Answer 2

the chemical reactions which take place in cells

Question 3

Name different factors which affect your metabolic rate?

Answer 3

Age
genetics
fitness levels
gender

Question 4

Where does the energy in a diet come from?

Answer 4

proteins, carbs and fat

Question 5

Definition of malnourishment?

Answer 5

Deficiency due to a lack of a balanced diet. overweight or underweight

Question 6

What health problems are linked to obesity?

Answer 6

arthritis
type 2 diabetes
heart disease
high blood pressure

Question 7

why do you need cholesterol in your diet?

Answer 7

for cell membranes and to make vital hormones

Question 8

how can inherited factors effect your health?

Answer 8

metabolic rate - muscle to fat proportion

cholesterol levels - risk of heart disease

Question 9

which organ balances cholesterol levels?

Answer 9

liver

Question 10

give scientific explanations as to why exercise helps keep you healthy?

Answer 10

using more energy so less likely to be overweight
increased muscle tissue will lead to a faster metabolism
regular exercise increases good cholesterol and lowers bad cholesterol

Question 11

what are pathogens?

Answer 11

microorganisms which cause disease.

common pathogens are bacteria and viruses

Question 12

what are the differences between bacteria and viruses?

Answer 12

bacteria - single celled living organisms smaller than animal and plant cells

viruses - smaller than bacteria. regular shapes. cause diseases in every type of living organism from people to bacteria.

Question 13

how do pathogens cause disease?

Answer 13

they reproduce rapidly inside your body. bacteria produce toxins.
viruses take over your cells, destroying them. viruses do not produce toxins

Question 14

why do you feel Ill when contracting an infectious disease?

Answer 14

toxins released from bacteria
destroyed cells from virus
body’s response to attack

Question 15

what are the four main ways I which infectious diseases are spread?

Answer 15

droplet infection - coughing, sneezing etc
direct contact
contaminated food and drink
through a break in your skin

Question 16

what are the three main ways in which your body prevents pathogens from getting in?

Answer 16

skin - protective barrier.
when cut - bleeding then clotting and scabbing over.
mucus - pathogens that are breathed in are trapped in mucus in lungs and expelled or swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid.

Question 17

name the three main roles of white blood cells

Answer 17

ingesting microorganisms
producing antibodies - which target bacteria and viruses and destroy them.
producing antitoxins - to counteract the toxins of the pathogens

Question 18

why do we need uncontaminated cultures?

Answer 18

to investigate the effect of chemicals such as disinfectants and antibiotics on microorganisms

Question 19

how can you grow an uncontaminated culture of bacteria in the lab?

Answer 19

sterilised petri dishes and agar (nutrients)
sterilise inoculatiing loop
dip loop in bacteria and zig zag in agar
seal lid of petri dish to prevent unwanted organisms getting in.
leave at 25 degrees Celsius for a few days

Question 20

what is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 20

a natural mutation in the bacteria which increases resistance to antibiotics.

Question 21

is MRSA a bacterium or virus?

Answer 21

bacterium.

Question 22

why is mutation in bacteria and viruses such a problem?

Answer 22

new strains can spread quickly and cause epidemics and pandemics.
antibiotics and vaccinations may not be effective against the new strain.

Question 23

what is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic?

Answer 23

epidemic - in one country

pandemic - across several countries

Question 24

why is there no effective treatment against the flu virus?

Answer 24

because it mutates easily causing new strains which your immune system doesn’t recognize

Question 25

how does your immune system work?

Answer 25

white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogens.
body remembers the right antibody needed and responds rapidly to future infections by the same pathogen.
you become immune to the disease

Question 26

what is an antigen?

Answer 26

toxin or component of a virus or bacterium which induces an immune response in the body

Question 27

how does vaccination protect you against disease?

Answer 27

a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen is introduced into your body which gives your white blood cells the chance to develop the right antibodies to destroy the pathogen.

Question 28

what is an antibody?

Answer 28

protein produced by white blood cells to destroy antigens

Question 29

give an example of one bacterial and one viral disease which you can be immunised against?

Answer 29

bacterial - tetanus, diptheria

viral - polio, measles, mumps

Question 30

explain the ways and unbalanced diet can effect the body?

Answer 30

balanced diet contains correct nutrients in correct amounts
too much energy eg fat, leads to weight gain
malnourishment - risk of weight gain or loss not eating the right nutrients
deficiency diseases (underweight) anorexia
obesity linked to heart disease, arthritis and high blood pressure
excess sugar/carbs/weight gain can lead to type 2 diabetes

Question 31

metabolic rate is….

Answer 31

the rate of chemical reactions in cells

Question 32

one factor which can change a person’s metabolic rate?

Answer 32

the proportion of fat to muscle

inherited factors

Question 33

why is it difficult to kill the polio virus inside the body?

Answer 33

because it lives inside cells

Question 34

suggested 2 reasons why MRSA is a problem in hospitals?

Answer 34

resistance to most antibiotics
highly contagious
affects patients with low immune system