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Physiology > KC- respiratory system > Flashcards

KC- respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Major organs of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

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2
Q

Primary functions of the respiratory system

A

Ventilation
gas exchange between the air and blood
producing sounds for communication
facilitating detection of odours

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3
Q

The respiratory system is divided into two anatomical parts

A

Upper and Lower Respiratory

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4
Q

what does the upper respiratory system include

A

nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx

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5
Q

what does the lower respiratory system include

A 
Alveoli 
bronchus 
bronchioles 
Larynx 
Trachea
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6
Q

what is the main role of the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx

A

filter, warm and humidify air

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7
Q

the main role of the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles

A

air to flow to alveoli

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8
Q

what is the alveoli main function

A

gas exchange

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9
Q

which two structures play a key role in the production of sound and are these structures part of the upper or lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx and glottis which are apart of the lower respiratory system

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10
Q

each lung is located within…….

A

a pleural cavity

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11
Q

sequence of structures that inhaled air passes through on its way to the alveoli

A
  1. trachea
  2. bronchus
  3. bronchiole
  4. pulmonary lobule
  5. Alveolar Sac
  6. Alveoli
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12
Q

what is a Type 1 Pneumocyte

A

well its structure is a type of squamous epithelial cells

its function enables diffusion of gas between air and blood in the alveoli

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13
Q

which type of cell in the alveoli is involved in defending the respiratory system against foreign particles?

A

Marcophages

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14
Q

Pseduostraifted dilated columnar epithelium is the cell type involved in what….

A

protection
secretion
mucous removal

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15
Q

How does the mucous escalator help the defend the respiratory system against particles and pathogens?

A
  • foreign particles and pathogens become trapped in mucous and the mucous escalator which is the cilia on pseduostraified columnar epithelium, move the mucous away from the respiratory system which means out of the nose or into mouth or oesophagus
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16
Q

Function of the nose and nasal cavity

A

Structures in the nose and nasal cavity defend the respiratory system from forging particles and pathogens by filtering incoming air

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17
Q

What is the Alveoli job?

A

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The Alveoli is best suited to gas exchange due to the largest surface area and a very short distance between the air and blood

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18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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19
Q

What is Cellular respiration?

A

Pathways involved in consumption of 02 by mitochondria and generation of CO2

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20
Q

What is Internal Respiration?

A

Internal Respiration is the exchange of O2 and Co2 between interstitial fluid and cells

21
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange of o2 and Co2 between air and interstitial fluid

22
Q

What is Perfusion?

A

Perfusion is blood flow in vessels

23
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

Air movement into and out of the lungs

24
Q

What is the direction of movement of O2 and Co2 between the interstitial fluid and cells in internal respiration?

A

O2 moves from the interstitial fluid to cells and the Co 2 moves from cells to interstitial fluid

25
Q

what are the three integrated steps that are involved in external respiration?

A

pulmonary ventilation
gas diffusion
transport

26
Q

How do lungs change volume during respiration?

A
  • contraction of diaphragm
  • rib cage elevates
  • increased volume of thoracic cavity
  • decreased pressure in thoracic cavity
  • airflows into lungs
27
Q

Describe Pulmonary Ventilation?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation is achieved by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles. There are two categories of respiratory muscles, primary and accessory

28
Q

List the two primary respiratory muscles

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

29
Q

list the category of accessory respiratory muscles

A

all accessory respiratory muscles are other muscles in the neck, thoracic walls and abdominal walls

30
Q

The contribution of respiratory muscles to pulmonary ventilation depends on the mode of breathing
so give examples of quiet breathing and forced breathing

A

Quiet breathing involved active inhalation and passive inhalation
Forced Breathing involves active inhalation and exhalation

31
Q

What is Respiratory Rate?

A

Number of breaths per Minute

32
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Total volume of air in lungs

33
Q

What is tidal capacity?

A

Max amount of air moved into and out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle

34
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The amount of air that remains in lungs after completing a quiet breathing cycle

35
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air that remains in lungs even after maximal exhalation

36
Q

How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?

A

it is bound to hameoglobin in RBC

37
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

dissolved in plasma
as bicarbonate ions
bound to haemoglobin in RBC

38
Q

Do alveolar capillaries receive oxygenated or deoxygenated blood from arteries in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Deoxygenated

39
Q

Under normal conditions (Homeostasis), the cellular rates of O2 absorption and CO2 generation equal the capillary rates of 02 delivery and Co2 removal. If homeostasis is disturbed, two homeostatic mechanisms intervene to restore, these are?

A

the local and Neural level regulation by the nervous system

40
Q

What is involved in the local regulation?

A

alveolar blood flow

alveolar airflow

41
Q

What is involved in the Neural regulation?

A

Depth of Respiration

Rate of Respiration

42
Q

2 ways gas transported and alveolar functions a re regulated locally in the lungs

A
  1. Blood in alveolar capillaries is directed towards lobules that have a high partial pressure of O2
  2. Airflow is directed to pulmonary lobules with a high partial pressure of Co2
43
Q

How is blood in Alveolar capillaries directed towards pulmonary labels that have a high partial pressure of O2?

A
  • local vasoconstriction of pulmonary capillaries that have a low partial pressure of O2
44
Q

How is airflow directed to pulmonary tubules with a high partial pressure of Co2?

A

Local broncho -dilation occurs if there is an increase in the partial pressure of Co2

45
Q

Is the neural control of the depth and rate of respiration under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

both

46
Q

What is the term that describes brain regions that are important for involuntary control of respiration?

A

respiratory centres

47
Q

The respiratory centres in the brain stem set the respiratory rhythm and are involved in the reflex control of respiratory muscles in response to physical (mechanical) or chemical stimuli

A

Pons- Pneumotaxic centres, apheustic centres

Medulla Oblongata - respiratory rhythmicity centre

48
Q

What is the correct sequence of events for restoration of homeostasis?

A
  1. INCREASE partial pressure Co2 in arterial blood
  2. Stimulation of Chemoreceptors
  3. Stimulation respiratory muscles
  4. Increase respiratory rate
  5. Decrease partial pressure Co2 in arterial blood
  6. Homeostasis restored

Physiology (6 decks)

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