KC- respiratory system Flashcards
Major organs of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Primary functions of the respiratory system
Ventilation
gas exchange between the air and blood
producing sounds for communication
facilitating detection of odours
The respiratory system is divided into two anatomical parts
Upper and Lower Respiratory
what does the upper respiratory system include
nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx
what does the lower respiratory system include
Alveoli bronchus bronchioles Larynx Trachea
what is the main role of the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx
filter, warm and humidify air
the main role of the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles
air to flow to alveoli
what is the alveoli main function
gas exchange
which two structures play a key role in the production of sound and are these structures part of the upper or lower respiratory system?
Larynx and glottis which are apart of the lower respiratory system
each lung is located within…….
a pleural cavity
sequence of structures that inhaled air passes through on its way to the alveoli
- trachea
- bronchus
- bronchiole
- pulmonary lobule
- Alveolar Sac
- Alveoli
what is a Type 1 Pneumocyte
well its structure is a type of squamous epithelial cells
its function enables diffusion of gas between air and blood in the alveoli
which type of cell in the alveoli is involved in defending the respiratory system against foreign particles?
Marcophages
Pseduostraifted dilated columnar epithelium is the cell type involved in what….
protection
secretion
mucous removal
How does the mucous escalator help the defend the respiratory system against particles and pathogens?
- foreign particles and pathogens become trapped in mucous and the mucous escalator which is the cilia on pseduostraified columnar epithelium, move the mucous away from the respiratory system which means out of the nose or into mouth or oesophagus
Function of the nose and nasal cavity
Structures in the nose and nasal cavity defend the respiratory system from forging particles and pathogens by filtering incoming air
What is the Alveoli job?
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The Alveoli is best suited to gas exchange due to the largest surface area and a very short distance between the air and blood
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What is Cellular respiration?
Pathways involved in consumption of 02 by mitochondria and generation of CO2
What is Internal Respiration?
Internal Respiration is the exchange of O2 and Co2 between interstitial fluid and cells
What is external respiration?
Exchange of o2 and Co2 between air and interstitial fluid
What is Perfusion?
Perfusion is blood flow in vessels
What is Ventilation?
Air movement into and out of the lungs
What is the direction of movement of O2 and Co2 between the interstitial fluid and cells in internal respiration?
O2 moves from the interstitial fluid to cells and the Co 2 moves from cells to interstitial fluid
what are the three integrated steps that are involved in external respiration?
pulmonary ventilation
gas diffusion
transport
How do lungs change volume during respiration?
- contraction of diaphragm
- rib cage elevates
- increased volume of thoracic cavity
- decreased pressure in thoracic cavity
- airflows into lungs
Describe Pulmonary Ventilation?
Pulmonary Ventilation is achieved by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles. There are two categories of respiratory muscles, primary and accessory
List the two primary respiratory muscles
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
list the category of accessory respiratory muscles
all accessory respiratory muscles are other muscles in the neck, thoracic walls and abdominal walls
The contribution of respiratory muscles to pulmonary ventilation depends on the mode of breathing
so give examples of quiet breathing and forced breathing
Quiet breathing involved active inhalation and passive inhalation
Forced Breathing involves active inhalation and exhalation
What is Respiratory Rate?
Number of breaths per Minute
What is the total lung capacity?
Total volume of air in lungs
What is tidal capacity?
Max amount of air moved into and out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle
What is functional residual capacity?
The amount of air that remains in lungs after completing a quiet breathing cycle
What is residual volume?
Amount of air that remains in lungs even after maximal exhalation
How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?
it is bound to hameoglobin in RBC
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
dissolved in plasma
as bicarbonate ions
bound to haemoglobin in RBC
Do alveolar capillaries receive oxygenated or deoxygenated blood from arteries in the pulmonary circuit?
Deoxygenated
Under normal conditions (Homeostasis), the cellular rates of O2 absorption and CO2 generation equal the capillary rates of 02 delivery and Co2 removal. If homeostasis is disturbed, two homeostatic mechanisms intervene to restore, these are?
the local and Neural level regulation by the nervous system
What is involved in the local regulation?
alveolar blood flow
alveolar airflow
What is involved in the Neural regulation?
Depth of Respiration
Rate of Respiration
2 ways gas transported and alveolar functions a re regulated locally in the lungs
- Blood in alveolar capillaries is directed towards lobules that have a high partial pressure of O2
- Airflow is directed to pulmonary lobules with a high partial pressure of Co2
How is blood in Alveolar capillaries directed towards pulmonary labels that have a high partial pressure of O2?
- local vasoconstriction of pulmonary capillaries that have a low partial pressure of O2
How is airflow directed to pulmonary tubules with a high partial pressure of Co2?
Local broncho -dilation occurs if there is an increase in the partial pressure of Co2
Is the neural control of the depth and rate of respiration under voluntary or involuntary control?
both
What is the term that describes brain regions that are important for involuntary control of respiration?
respiratory centres
The respiratory centres in the brain stem set the respiratory rhythm and are involved in the reflex control of respiratory muscles in response to physical (mechanical) or chemical stimuli
Pons- Pneumotaxic centres, apheustic centres
Medulla Oblongata - respiratory rhythmicity centre
What is the correct sequence of events for restoration of homeostasis?
- INCREASE partial pressure Co2 in arterial blood
- Stimulation of Chemoreceptors
- Stimulation respiratory muscles
- Increase respiratory rate
- Decrease partial pressure Co2 in arterial blood
- Homeostasis restored
