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Physiology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transport of dissolved gases and nutrients
transport of hormones
transport of waste products
regulation of Ph AND ions
Maintenance of body temperature and blood volume
Defence against toxins and pathogens

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2
Q

Blood is composed of two main components. What is the name of the two components?

A

formed elements and plasma

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3
Q

The term ‘formed elements’ describes

A

RBC WBC and Platelets

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4
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

water, plasma proteins, and other solutes (e.g. nutrients, ions, hormones, and wastes)

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5
Q

characteristics of RBC (RED BLOOD CELLS)

A

Contains haemoglobin
can change shape
larger surface area to volume ratio
selectively permeable plasma membrane

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6
Q

How do red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues?

A

bound to hemoglobin (each hemoglobin molecule can transport 4 oxygen molecules)

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7
Q

Which characteristics of red blood cells make them well suited to carry oxygen to tissues?

A

their size (small), shape (large surface area to volume ratio), and lack of mitochondria (i.e. a red blood cell doesn’t need to use the oxygen that it carries).

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8
Q

Which of the following terms specifically describes the production of red blood cells and which hormone stimulates this process?

A

erythropoiesis; erythropoietin (EPO)

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9
Q

What type of homeostatic disturbance ultimately leads to the release of the above hormone from the kidneys?

A

decreased oxygen levels in blood (hypoxia)

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10
Q

Red blood cells have surface antigens. Surface antigens are proteins on the plasma membrane that identify the cell to the immune system. The immune system ignores normal red blood cells and attacks foreign or abnormal red blood cells. Your blood type depends on the presence or absence of which surface antigens?

A

surface antigens A and B (ABO blood group)
Please also note that rhesus factor (Rh blood group) can also be present or absent on red blood cells. However, we won’t be focusing on this in Physiology Essentials.

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11
Q

What are the four ABO blood types?

A

type A, type B, type AB, type O

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12
Q

Which blood type has surface antigen A only?

A

Type A

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13
Q

Which blood type lacks surface antigen A and B

A

Type O

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14
Q

What type of antibodies would a person with Type A blood have in their plasma?

A

B antibodies

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15
Q

White blood cells what are they?

A 
Lymphocytes 
Monocytes 
Neutrophils 
Eosinophilis 
Basinophils
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16
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of platelets?

A

release important clotting chemicals, temporarily patch damaged vessel walls, and actively contract tissue after clot formation

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17
Q

Which of the following terms describes blood clotting?

A

hemostasis

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18
Q

There are three phases of blood clotting (hemostasis). List the names of the three phases in the order in which they occur.

A
  1. vascular phase
  2. platelet phase
  3. coagulation phase
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19
Q

Which two arteries supply blood to cardiac muscle?

A

left and right coronary arteries

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20
Q

demonstrate the order of blood flow through the heart, starting from the vena cavae and working through to the body’s tissues.

A

Superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium via the triscupid valve to right ventricle via the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk to the lungs.
from the lungs to the left atrium via the mitral valve to the left ventricle via the aortic valve to the body tissues

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21
Q

The conducting system contains pacemaker cells that ‘set the pace’ of contraction of the heart muscle. What are the two unique characteristics of pacemaker cells that enable them to perform this function?

A

Automaticity - the ability to generate an action potential automatically without requiring commands from the nervous system
Conductivity - the ability to pass the action potential onto the next cardiac cell

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22
Q

Which of the following structures contain pacemaker cells?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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23
Q

In what order are action potentials transmitted through the following structures?

A

SA NODE > ARTIA CONTRACT >INTENODAL PATHWAY> AV NODE > AV BUNDLE >BUNDLE BRANCHES>PUNKINJE FIBRES > VENTRICLES CONTRACT

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24
Q

What characteristic of cardiac muscle cells enable transmission of action potentials between cells, and thus for the cardiac muscle to function as a single unit?

A

Cardiac muscle cells are connected to adjacent cardiac muscle cells via intercalated discs. Intercalated discs are a type of gap junction that enables movement of ions between cells, and thus transmission of action potentials between cells.

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25
Q

Which ECG event reflects ventricular depolarisation?

A

QRS complex

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26
Q

The term ‘cardiac cycle’ describes the period from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next heart beat. Name the four phases of the cardiac cycle in sequential order.

A
  1. atrial systole
  2. atrial diastole
  3. ventricular systole
  4. ventricular diastole
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27
Q

The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ____________, and the period of ventricular relaxation is called ____________.

A

Ventricular systole; ventricular diastole

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28
Q

During atrial systole, what is happening in the heart?

A

Atria are contracting, forcing blood into the ventricles through the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid valves).

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29
Q

During ventricular systole, what is happening in the heart?

A

Pressure increases in the ventricles, closing the AV valves, then opening the semilunar valves, ejecting blood into the pulmonary and systemic circuits

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30
Q

The first heart sound (S1 “lub”) is a result of closure of the ___________________ valves. The second heart sound (S2 “dub/dup”) is a result of closure of the ___________ valves.

A

First heart sound: closure of the atrioventricular valves. Second heart sound: closure of the semilunar valves

31
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood ejected by left ventricle each minute

32
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

rapid heart rate (>100 beats/min)

33
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slow heart rate (<60beats/min)

34
Q

Describe stroke volume?

A

volume of blood ejected from heart during each cardiac cycle?

35
Q

End-diastolic Volume, describe it?

A

Volume of blood left in the ventricles at the end of the ventricular systole

36
Q

What is the End-stysolic volume?

A

Residual Volume left in the ventricles at the end of the ventricular systole?

37
Q

What is the mathematical formula for calculating cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume.
For example, if heart rate is 70 beats/min and stroke volume is 70 ml/beat, then cardiac output = 70 x 70 = 4900 ml/min (or 4.9 L/min). This is the amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle per min.

38
Q

There are three types of blood vessels:

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries.

39
Q

describe the structure of the blood vessels?

A

The structure of each type of blood vessel varies according to its function and the pressure exerted on its walls

40
Q

The walls of arteries and veins have three layers called

A

tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima

41
Q

Describe Tunica Externa

A

Outer layer

42
Q

Describe Tunica Media?

A

middle layer

contains smooth muscle

43
Q

Tunica intima

A

inner layer
contains epithelium tissue
contains endothelium

44
Q

Arteries characteristics

A

higher pressure
thicker tunica media
contain elastic fibres

45
Q

Veins characteristics

A

lower pressure
thinner tunica media
contain valves

46
Q

What is the main function of capillaries and what structural feature/s enable this to occur?

A

The main function of capillaries is to exchange substances between the blood and tissues. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood to the tissues whereas waste products and carbon dioxide diffuse from the tissues to the blood. The endothelial lining consists of simple squamous epithelium (single layer of thin flat cells) which is well suited to exchange of molecules (i.e. absorption/secretion).

47
Q

Which of the following terms and/or statements correctly refer to blood pressure?

A

arterial pressure

pressure in the arterial system that pushes blood through capillary beds

expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

48
Q

What is the average blood pressure in healthy adults?

A

120/80

49
Q

The term ‘pulse pressure’ describes _

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

50
Q

Which two factors determine blood pressure?

A

blood flow and peripheral resistance

51
Q

Blood flow is driven by a pressure gradient. Does blood flow up or down the pressure gradient?

A

Blood flows down the pressure gradient (i.e. from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure)

52
Q

describe the pressure gradient that exists in blood vessels

A 
Highest pressure to lowest pressure 
aorta 
elastic arteries 
muscular arteries 
arterioles 
capillaires 
vegnuqes 
medium-sized veins 
large veins 
venae cava
53
Q

How does venous return overcome the effects of gravity on blood?

A

skeletal muscle contraction compresses veins

respiratory pump (inhalation decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity and expands the inferior vena cava and right atrium)

veins contain valves that only permit blood to flow in one direction

54
Q

How does venous return overcome the effects of gravity on blood?

A

skeletal muscle contraction compresses veins

respiratory pump (inhalation decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity and expands the inferior vena cava and right atrium)

veins contain valves that only permit blood to flow in one direction

55
Q

what is tissue perfusion?

A

Homeostatic mechanisms regulate cardiovascular activity to ensure that the amount of blood flow through tissues (called tissue perfusion) is adequate to meet the demand for oxygen and nutrients.

56
Q

Describe homeostatic mechanisms

A

Homeostatic mechanisms operating at the local, regional, and systemic levels adjust blood flow through the capillaries to meet the demands of peripheral tissues. Four of these mechanisms were discussed in the lectures and each are an example of autoregulation or extrinsic regulation

57
Q

Discuss autoregualtion of the homeostatic mechanism

A

has
local adjustment within a given tissue
occurs in response to changes in O2 and CO2 levels
Involves contraction of smooth muscle in capillaries

58
Q

describe what happens if autoregulation fails to normalise conditions at the tissue level.

A

If auto regulation fails to normalise conditions at the tissue level extrinsic regulation involving neural and endocrine mechanisms are activated. the focus of this type of regulation is to control blood pressure and cardiac output to restore adequate blood flow.

59
Q

Neural regulation involves the cardiovascular centre. Where is the cardiovascular centre located?

A

medulla oblongata (inferior part of the brain stem)

60
Q

The cardiovascular centre exerts control over the cardiovascular system via

A

The cardiovascular centre exerts control over the cardiovascular system via the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

61
Q

the sympathetic Function of the cardiovascular system.

A 
increase of 
cardiac output 
blood pressure 
heart rate 
involves noradrenaline
62
Q

the parasympathetic functions of the cardiovascular system

A

decrease blood pressure cardiac out put and heart rate

63
Q

The cardiovascular centre detects changes in tissue demand by monitoring arterial blood. The pressure of arterial blood is monitored by receptors located in the

A

aortic and carotid sinuses.
Note: the aortic sinus is located in the ascending aorta and the carotid sinus is located at the base of the internal carotid arteries of the neck.

64
Q

The cardiovascular centre also detects changes in the pH and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood via receptors located in the

A

aortic and carotid bodies
Note: the aortic body is located in the arch of the aorta and the carotid bodies are located within the carotid sinuses (at the base of the internal carotid arteries of the neck).

65
Q

Stimulation of the receptors in the aortic and carotid sinuses and bodies leads to a short-term response that counteracts the stimulus and restores normal conditions. This correction takes place via reflexes that are controlled by the cardiovascular centre. Does the control involve positive or negative feedback?

A

negative feedback

66
Q

What is the name of the reflex that involves monitoring stretch in the aortic and carotid sinuses?

A

baroreceptor reflex

67
Q

What is the name of the reflex that involves monitoring the pH and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood in the aortic and carotid bodies?

A

chemoreceptor reflex

68
Q

illustrate the role of the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure is too high.

A

Homeostasis is disturbed by high blood pressure which stimulates the receptor which is the baroreceptor which sends information to the command centre which is the cardiovascular centres this than sends commands to the effectors which are the smooth muscle in arteries and the heart. once the smooth muscle in the Cartier’s have competed vasodilation and the heart has decreased cardiac output which together decreases blood pressure the homeostasis is restored.

69
Q

llIustrate the role of the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure is too low.

A

Homeostasis is disturbed by low blood pressure which stimulates the receptor which is the baroreceptor which sends information to the command centre which is the cardiovascular centres this than sends commands to the effectors which are the smooth muscle in arteries and the heart. once the smooth muscle in the arteries ‘s have competed vasoconstriction and the heart has increasedd cardiac output which together increase blood pressure the homeostasis is restored.

70
Q

The chemoreceptor reflex corrects changes in the chemical composition (O2, CO2, or pH) of arterial blood or cerebrospinal fluid (fluid bathing the internal and external surfaces of the central nervous system). This reflex brings about a response by integrating the activities of which two effectors (organ systems)?

A

heart (cardiovascular system) and lungs (respiratory system)

71
Q

The endocrine system also regulates the cardiovascular system via the release of hormones. Which of the following hormones are involved in short-term regulation of the cardiovascular system

A

adrenaline /epinephrine

noradrenaline/ norepinephrine

72
Q

The endocrine system also regulates the cardiovascular system via the release of hormones. Which of the following hormones are involved in long-term regulation of the cardiovascular system

A

antidiuretic hormone
erthropoietin
natriuetuc peptide
angiotensin II

73
Q

Which of the following hormones ultimately lead to an increase in blood pressure?

A

angiotensin II
adrenaline (epinephrine)
antidiuretic hormone
noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

74
Q

Which of the above hormone/s increase blood pressure by increasing blood volume?

A

angiotensin II and antidiuretic hormone

Physiology (6 decks)

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