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Pharmacology > Katzung > Flashcards

Katzung Flashcards

1
Q

Katzung

Abciximab

A

Abciximab,Monoclonal antibody to fibrin receptor (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) on platelets. Used to prevent clotting after coronary angioplasty

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2
Q

Katzung

Acetaminophen

A

Acetaminophen,Antipyretic analgesic: very weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor; not anti−inflammatory. Less toxic than aspirin but more dangerous in overdose (causes hepatic necrosis−antidote: acetylcysteine)

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3
Q

Katzung

Acetazolamide dorzolamide

A

Acetazolamide, dorzolamide,Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic: produces a NaHCO3 diuresis, results in bicarbonate depletion, and therefore has self−limited action. Used in glaucoma and mountain sickness. Dorzolamide is a topical analog for glaucoma

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4
Q

Katzung

Acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholine,Cholinomimetic prototype: transmitter in CNS, ENS, all ANS ganglia, parasympathetic postganglionic synapses, sympathetic postganglionic fibers to sweat glands, and some skeletal muscle vasodilator synapses

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5
Q

Katzung

Acyclovir

A

Acyclovir,Antiviral: inhibits DNA synthesis in herpes simplex and varicella zoster. Requires activation by viral thymidine kinase (TK− strains are resistant). Tox: behavioral effects and nephrotoxicity (crystalluria), but not myelosuppression

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6
Q

Katzung

Adenosine

A

Adenosine,Antiarrhythmic: unclassified (“Group V”); parenteral only. Hyperpolarizes AV nodal tissue, blocks conduction for 10−15 sec. Used for nodal reentry arrhythmias

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7
Q

Katzung

Allopurinol

A

Allopurinol,Antigout: inhibitor of xanthine oxidase; reduces production of uric acid

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8
Q

Katzung

Albuterol, metaproterenol, terbutaline

A

Albuterol, metaproterenol, terbutaline,Important β2−agonists; used mainly for asthma.

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9
Q

Katzung

Alprazolam

A

Alprazolam,Benzodiazepine sedative−hypnotic: widely used in anxiety states, selectivity for panic attacks and phobias; possible antidepressant actions. Tox: psychologic and physical dependence, additive effects with other CNS depressants

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10
Q

Katzung

Alteplase (rt−PA)

A

Alteplase (rt−PA),Thrombolytic: human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Used in acute MI to recanalize the occluded coronary. Occasionally used in pulmonary embolism, stroke. Tox: bleeding

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11
Q

Katzung

Amiloride

A

Amiloride,K+−sparing diuretic: blocks Na+ channels in cortical collecting tubules

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12
Q

Katzung

Aminoglutethimide

A

Aminoglutethimide,Nonsteroid inhibitor of steroid synthesis: reduces conversion of cholesterol to the hormone precursor, pregnenolone. Used in metastatic breast cancer

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13
Q

Katzung

Amiodarone

A

Amiodarone,Group IA and III antiarrhythmic: broad spectrum, blocks sodium, potassium, calcium channels, beta receptors. High efficacy and very long half−life (weeks−months). Tox: deposits in tissues; hypo− or hyperthyroidism; pulmonary fibrosis

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14
Q

Katzung

Amitriptyline

A

Amitriptyline,Tricyclic antidepressant: blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Tox: atropine− like, postural hypotension, sedation; cardiac arrhythmias in overdose, additive effects with other CNS depressants

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15
Q

Katzung

Amoxicillin

A

Amoxicillin,Penicillin: wider spectrum than pen G with activity similar to ampicillin but greater oral bioavailability; less adverse effects on GI tract than ampicillin. Susceptible to penicillinases unless used with clavulanic acid. Tox: penicillin allergy

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16
Q

Katzung

Amphetamine

A

Amphetamine,Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: displaces stored catecholamines in nerve endings. Marked CNS stimulant actions; high abuse liability. Tox: psychosis, HTN, MI, seizures

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17
Q

Katzung

Amphotericin B

A

Amphotericin B,Antifungal: polyene drug of choice for most systemic mycoses; binds to ergosterol to disrupt fungal cell membrane permeability. Tox: chills and fever, hypokalemia, hypotension, nephrotoxicity (dose−limiting, possibly less with liposomal forms)

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18
Q

Katzung

Ampicillin

A

Ampicillin,Penicillin: wider−spectrum than pen G, susceptible to penicillinases unless used with sulbactam. Activity similar to pen G, plus E coli, H influenzae, P mirabilis, Shigella. Synergy with aminoglycosides versus enterococci and listeria. Tox: penicillin allergy; more adverse effects on GI tract than other penicillins; maculopapular skin rash

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19
Q

Katzung

Anistreplase (APSAC)

A

Anistreplase (APSAC),Thrombolytic: bacterial streptokinase complexed with human plasminogen. Longer acting in body than other thrombolytics (rt−PA, streptokinase, urokinase). Tox: bleeding, allergy to streptococcal protein

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20
Q

Katzung

Aspirin

A

Aspirin,NSAID prototype: inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) I and II irreversibly. Potent antiplatelet agent as well as antipyretic analgesic anti−inflammatory drug

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21
Q

Katzung

Atenolol

A

Atenolol,Beta1−selective blocker: low lipid solubility, less CNS effect; used for HTN. (Note mnemonic for beta1−selective blockers: their names start with A through M. [Exceptions: carteolol & labetalol are not selective])

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22
Q

Katzung

Atropine

A

Atropine,Muscarinic cholinoceptor blocker prototype: lipid soluble, CNS effects. Tox: “red as a beet, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter,” urinary retention, mydriasis

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23
Q

Katzung

Azithromycin

A

Azithromycin,Antibiotic: similar to erythromycin, but greater activity versus chlamydia and streptococci; long half−life due to tissue accumulation. Tox: GI distress, but no inhibition of drug metabolism

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24
Q

Katzung

Baclofen

A

Baclofen,GABA analog, orally active: spasmolytic; activates GABAB receptors in the spinal cord

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25
Q

Katzung

Benztropine

A

Benztropine,Centrally acting antimuscarinic prototype for parkinsonism

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26
Q

Katzung

Bethanechol

A

Bethanechol,Muscarinic agonist: choline ester with good resistance to cholinesterase; used for atonic bowel or bladder

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27
Q

Katzung

Botulinum

A

Botulinum,Toxin: enzyme produced by Clostridium botulinum; interacts with fusion/docking proteins to block release of acetylcholine vesicles

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28
Q

Katzung

Bromocriptine

A

Bromocriptine,Ergot derivative: dopamine agonist in CNS; inhibits prolactin release. Used in parkinsonism and hyperprolactinemia. Tox: CNS, dyskinesias, hypotension

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29
Q

Katzung

Bupivacaine

A

Bupivacaine,Long−acting amide local anesthetic prototype: greater CV toxicity than most local anesthetics

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30
Q

Katzung

Buspirone

A

Buspirone,Anxiolytic: atypical drug that interacts with 5HT1A receptors; slow onset. Minimal potentiation of CNS depressants including ethanol; negligible abuse liability

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31
Q

Katzung

Captopril

A

Captopril,ACE inhibitor prototype: used in HTN, diabetic renal disease, and CHF. Tox: hyperkalemia, fetal renal damage, cough (“sore throat”)

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32
Q

Katzung

Carbachol

A

Carbachol,Nonselective muscarinic and nicotinic agonist: choline ester with good resistance to cholinesterase; used for glaucoma (not a first−line drug)

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33
Q

Katzung

Carbamazepine

A

Carbamazepine,Anticonvulsant: tricyclic derivative used for tonic−clonic and partial seizures; blocks Na+ channels in neuronal membranes. Drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia; back−up drug in mania. Tox: CNS depression, hematotoxic, induces liver drug−metabolizing enzymes

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34
Q

Katzung

Cefazolin

A

Cefazolin,First−generation cephalosporin prototype: bactericidal beta−lactam inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. Active against gram−positive cocci, E coli, K pneumoniae, but does not enter CSF. Tox: potential allergy; partial cross−reactivity with penicillins

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35
Q

Katzung

Cefoxitin

A

Cefoxitin,Second−generation cephalosporin: active against a wide spectrum of gram−negative bacteria including anaerobes (B fragilis). Does not enter the CNS

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36
Q

Katzung

Ceftriaxone

A

Ceftriaxone,Third−generation cephalosporin: active against resistant bacteria including gonococci, H influenzae, and other gram−negative organisms. Crosses the blood−brain barrier

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37
Q

Katzung

Celecoxib

A

Celecoxib, rofecoxib,First COX−II−selective NSAIDs. Reduced GI toxicity

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38
Q

Katzung

Chloramphenicol

A

Chloramphenicol,Antibiotic: broad spectrum agent; inhibits protein synthesis (50S); uses restricted to back− up drug for bacterial meningitis, infections due to anaerobes, Salmonella. Tox: reversible myelosuppression, aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome

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39
Q

Katzung

Chloroquine

A

Chloroquine,Antimalarial: blood schizonticide used for treatment and as a chemosuppressant where P falciparum is susceptible. Tox: GI distress and skin rash at low doses; peripheral neuropathy, skin lesions, auditory and visual impairment, quinidine−like myocardial depression at high doses

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40
Q

Katzung

Chlorpheniramine

A

Chlorpheniramine,Antihistamine H1 blocker prototype: Tox: sedation, antimuscarinic

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41
Q

Katzung

Chlorpromazine

A

Chlorpromazine,Phenothiazine antipsychotic drug prototype: blocks most dopamine receptors in the CNS. Tox: atropine−like, EPS dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, postural hypotension, sedation, seizures (in overdose), additive effects with other CNS depressants

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42
Q

Katzung

Cholestyramine

A

Cholestyramine, colestipol,Bile acid−binding resins: sequester bile acids in gut and divert more cholesterol from the liver to bile acids instead of circulating lipoproteins. Tox: constipation, bloating; interfere with absorption of some drugs

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43
Q

Katzung

Cimetidine

A

Cimetidine,H2 blocker prototype: used in acid−peptic disease. Tox: inhibits hepatic drug metabolism; antiandrogen effects. Less toxic analogs: ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine

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44
Q

Katzung

Ciprofloxacin

A

Ciprofloxacin,Fluoroquinolone antibiotic: bactericidal inhibitor of topoisomerases; active against many gram−negative rods including E coli, H influenzae, Campylobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Shigella. Tox: CNS dysfunction, GI distress, superinfection, collagen damage (avoid in children and pregnant women). Interactions: caffeine, theophylline, warfarin

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45
Q

Katzung

Cisplatin

A

Cisplatin,Platinum−containing alkylating cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Used for several solid tumors (eg, testes, lung). Carboplatin is similar.

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46
Q

Katzung

Clindamycin

A

Clindamycin,Lincosamide antibiotic: bacteriostatic inhibitor of protein synthesis (50S); active against gram−positive cocci, B fragilis. Tox: GI distress, pseudomembranous colitis

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47
Q

Katzung

Clomiphene

A

Clomiphene,Estrogen partial agonist: synthetic used in infertility to induce ovulation

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48
Q

Katzung

Clonidine

A

Clonidine,Alpha2 agonist: acts centrally to reduce SANS outflow, lowers BP. Tox: rebound HTN if stopped suddenly

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49
Q

Katzung

Clozapine

A

Clozapine,Atypical antipsychotic: low affinity for dopamine D2 receptors, higher for D4 and 5−HT2A receptors; less EPS adverse effects than other antipsychotic drugs. Tox: ANS effects, agranulocytosis (infrequent but significant)

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50
Q

Katzung

Cocaine

A

Cocaine,Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: blocks amine reuptake into nerve endings. Local anesthetic (ester type). Marked CNS stimulation, euphoria; high abuse liability. Tox: psychosis, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures

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51
Q

Katzung

Colchicine

A

Colchicine,Microtubule assembly inhibitor: reduces mobility and phagocytosis by WBCs in gout− inflamed joints; useful in acute, not chronic gout. Tox: GI, hepatic, renal damage

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52
Q

Katzung

Cyclopentolate

A

Cyclopentolate, tropicamide,Antimuscarinics for ophthalmology: shorter duration than atropine (a few hours or less); cause cycloplegia and mydriasis

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53
Q

Katzung

Cyclophosphamide

A

Cyclophosphamide,Antineoplastic, immunosuppressive: cell cycle−nonspecific alkylating agent. Tox: alopecia, gastrointestinal distress, hemorrhagic cystitis, myelosuppression

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54
Q

Katzung

Cyclosporine

A

Cyclosporine,Immunosuppressant: antibiotic; inhibits interleukin−2 synthesis, suppresses T cells. Tox: HTN, hirsutism, nephrotoxicity (dose−limiting), seizures (in overdose). Not a myelosuppressant

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55
Q

Katzung

Dantrolene

A

Dantrolene,Blocks Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. Used in muscle spasm (cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, cord injury) and in emergency treatment of hyperthermia caused by malignant hyperthermia, malignant neuroleptic syndrome, and serotonin syndrome

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56
Q

Katzung

DDAVP

A

DDAVP,ADH analog: synthetic peptide used for pituitary diabetes insipidus

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57
Q

Katzung

DDT

A

DDT,Insecticide: prevents inactivation of sodium channels, causes uncontrolled neuronal activity. Stored for years in body fat in mammals, birds, fish

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58
Q

Katzung

Deferoxamine

A

Deferoxamine,Chelator: bacterial product; chelates iron very avidly, aluminum less so

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59
Q

Katzung

Dexfenfluramine

A

Dexfenfluramine,5−HT reuptake inhibitor and receptor agonist previously used as anorexic. Tox: produced cardiac valve damage when used in combination with phentermine

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60
Q

Katzung

Dexamethasone

A

Dexamethasone,Glucocorticoid: very potent, long−acting; no mineralocorticoid activity

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61
Q

Katzung

Diazepam

A

Diazepam,Benzodiazepine prototype: binds to BDZ receptors of the GABAA receptor−chloride ion channel complex; facilitates the inhibitory actions of GABA by increasing frequency of channel opening. Uses: anxiety states, ethanol detoxication, muscle spasticity, status epilepticus. Tox: psychologic and physical dependence, additive effects with other CNS depressants

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62
Q

Katzung

Didanosine (DDI)

A

Didanosine (DDI),Antiviral: nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase. Tox: peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis

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63
Q

Katzung

Digitoxin

A

Digitoxin,Cardiac glycoside: half−life 168 h, excreted in the bile (partially as digoxin); subject to enterohepatic circulation. See digoxin

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64
Q

Katzung

Digoxin

A

Digoxin,Cardiac glycoside prototype: positive inotropic drug for CHF, half−life 40 h; renal excretion; inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, also a cardiac parasympathomimetic. Tox: calcium overload arrhythmias, GI upset

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65
Q

Katzung

Diltiazem

A

Diltiazem,Calcium channel (L−type) blocker prototype: like verapamil, has more depressant effect on heart than dihydropyridines (eg, nifedipine). Tox: AV block, CHF, edema, constipation

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66
Q

Katzung

Dimercaprol (BAL)

A

Dimercaprol (BAL),Chelator (British AntiLewisite): used for arsenic, lead, and mercury poisoning

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67
Q

Katzung

Dioxin (TCDD)

A

Dioxin (TCDD),Toxin: byproduct of the manufacture of herbicides 2,4−D and 2,4,5−T. Tox: extremely potent carcinogen in guinea pigs; poorly documented in humans except for chloracne, a skin disorder that occurs acutely upon exposure

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68
Q

Katzung

Diphenhydramine

A

Diphenhydramine,Antihistamine H1 blocker prototype: used in hayfever, motion sickness, dystonias. Tox: antimuscarinic, anti−alpha, sedative

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69
Q

Katzung

Disopyramide

A

Disopyramide,Group IA antiarrhythmic: used for ventricular arrhythmias. Tox: strong antimuscarinic; may cause CHF

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70
Q

Katzung

Dopamine

A

Dopamine,Neurotransmitter and agonist drug at dopamine receptors: used in shock to increase renal blood flow, stimulate heart

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71
Q

Katzung

Doxorubicin

A

Doxorubicin,Antineoplastic: anthracycline drug (cell cycle−nonspecific); intercalates between base pairs to disrupt DNA functions and forms cytotoxic free radicals. Tox: cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression

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72
Q

Katzung

Doxycycline

A

Doxycycline,Tetracycline antibiotic: protein synthesis inhibitor (30S), more effective than other tetracyclines against bacillary dysentery. Unlike other tetracyclines, it is eliminated mainly in the feces. Tox: see tetracycline

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73
Q

Katzung

Echothiophate

A

Echothiophate,Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor: less lipid soluble than most organophosphates; used in glaucoma

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74
Q

Katzung

Edetate (EDTA)

A

Edetate (EDTA),Chelating agent: used in lead poisoning. Tox: renal tubular necrosis

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75
Q

Katzung

Edrophonium

A

Edrophonium,Cholinesterase inhibitor: very short duration of action (15 min). Used to reverse NM blockade and as diagnostic test in myasthenia gravis

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76
Q

Katzung

Enoxaparin

A

Enoxaparin,Low molecular weight heparin. Primary effect is anti−factor X. Other low molecular weight heparin−like products: dalteparin, danaparoid. Tox: bleeding

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77
Q

Katzung

Ephedrine

A

Ephedrine,Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: like amphetamine but less CNS stimulation, more smooth muscle effects

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78
Q

Katzung

Epinephrine

A

Epinephrine,Adrenoceptor agonist prototype: product of adrenal medulla, some CNS neurons. Affinity for all alpha and all beta receptors. Used in asthma; as hemostatic and adjunct with local anesthetics; drug of choice in anaphylaxis

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79
Q

Katzung

Ergonovine

A

Ergonovine,Ergot alkaloid: uterine effect prototype, causes prolonged uterine contraction. Used in post−partum bleeding

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80
Q

Katzung

Ergotamine

A

Ergotamine,Ergot alkaloid: vascular effect prototype, causes prolonged vasoconstriction, uterine contraction. Used in migraine, obstetrics

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81
Q

Katzung

Erythromycin

A

Erythromycin,Macrolide antibiotic: inhibitor of protein synthesis (50S); activity includes gram−positive cocci and bacilli, M pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, C trachomatis. Tox: cholestatic jaundice, inhibits liver drug−metabolizing enzymes, interactions with astemizole, theophylline, terfenadine, warfarin

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82
Q

Katzung

Ethacrynic acid

A

Ethacrynic acid,Loop diuretic: not a sulfa derivative. Tox: like furosemide but does not increase serum uric acid.

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83
Q

Katzung

Ethanol

A

Ethanol,Sedative−hypnotic: acute actions include impaired judgment, ataxia, loss of consciousness, vasodilation, and cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Chronic use leads to dependence and liver, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and nervous system pathology. Note: zero−order elimination kinetics

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84
Q

Katzung

Ethosuximide

A

Ethosuximide,Anticonvulsant: used in absence seizures; may block T−type Ca2+ channels in thalamic neurons. Tox: GI distress but safe in pregnancy

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85
Q

Katzung

Etidronate

A

Etidronate, pamidronate, alendronate,Bisphosphonates: reduce turnover of bone calcium. Used in Paget’s disease, osteoporosis; alendronate increases bone formation. Tox: severe esophageal ulceration

86
Q

Katzung

Fexofenadine

A

Fexofenadine,2nd generation antihistamine; does not enter CNS, little or no sedation

87
Q

Katzung

Finasteride

A

Finasteride,Steroid inhibitor of 5α−reductase: inhibits synthesis of dihydrotestosterone, the active androgen in prostate. Used in BPH

88
Q

Katzung

Flecainide

A

Flecainide,Group IC antiarrhythmic prototype: used in ventricular tachycardia and rapid atrial arrhythmias with Wolff−Parkinson−White syndrome. Tox: arrhythmogenic, CNS excitation

89
Q

Katzung

Fluconazole

A

Fluconazole,Imidazole antifungal: used for esophageal candidiasis and in coccidioidomycoses; high CSF levels provide prophylaxis versus fungal meningitis in immunosuppressed patients

90
Q

Katzung

Fludrocortisone

A

Fludrocortisone,Synthetic corticosteroid: high mineralocorticoid and moderate glucocorticoid activity; long duration of action

91
Q

Katzung

Flumazenil

A

Flumazenil,Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist: used to reverse CNS depressant effects of benzodiazepines (overdose or when used in anesthesia)

92
Q

Katzung

Fluorouracil

A

Fluorouracil,Antineoplastic: pyrimidine antimetabolite (cell cycle−specific) causes “thymine−less” cell death; used mainly for solid or superficial tumors. Tox: GI distress, myelosuppression

93
Q

Katzung

Fluoxetine

A

Fluoxetine,Antidepressant: serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prototype. Less ANS adverse effects and cardiotoxic potential than tricyclics. Tox: CNS stimulation, seizures in overdose

94
Q

Katzung

Flutamide

A

Flutamide,Androgen receptor inhibitor: nonsteroid used in prostatic carcinoma

95
Q

Katzung

Furosemide

A

Furosemide,Loop diuretic prototype: blocks Na+/K+/2Cl− transporter; high efficacy; used in acute pulmonary edema, refractory edematous states, hypercalcemia. Tox: ototoxicity, K+ wasting, hypovolemia, increased serum uric acid

96
Q

Katzung

Foscarnet

A

Foscarnet,Antiviral: effective against CMV and HSV (including TK− strains); Tox: electrolyte imbalance, nephrotoxicity

97
Q

Katzung

Ganciclovir

A

Ganciclovir,Antiviral: effective against CMV; requires bioactivation via thymidine kinase. Tox: myelosuppression, nephrotoxicity

98
Q

Katzung

Gemfibrozil, clofibrate

A

Gemfibrozil, clofibrate,Antilipemics: stimulate lipoprotein lipase in peripheral tissues. Used in hypertriglyceridemias and mixed triglyceridemia/hypercholesterolemia

99
Q

Katzung

Gentamicin

A

Gentamicin,Aminoglycoside prototype: bactericidal inhibitor of protein synthesis (30S); active against many aerobic gram−negative bacteria. Narrow therapeutic window; dose reduction required in renal impairment. Tox: renal dysfunction, ototoxicity; once−daily dosing is effective (post−antibiotic effect) and less toxic

100
Q

Katzung

Glipizide, glyburide

A

Glipizide, glyburide,Oral hypoglycemics: second generation, very potent. Like other sulfonylureas, act by closing K channels in pancreatic B cells, causing depolarization and release of insulin. Tox: hypoglycemia

101
Q

Katzung

Glucagon

A

Glucagon,Hormone product of pancreatic A cells. Increases blood sugar via increased cAMP

102
Q

Katzung

Guanethidine

A

Guanethidine,Postganglionic sympathetic neuron blocker: enters nerve ending by means of uptake−1 and is stored in the ending (effect reversed by TCAs, cocaine). Tox: severe orthostatic hypotension, sexual dysfunction

103
Q

Katzung

Haloperidol

A

Haloperidol,Antipsychotic butyrophenone: blocks brain dopamine D2 receptors. Tox: marked EPS dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia; less ANS adverse effects than phenothiazines

104
Q

Katzung

Halothane

A

Halothane,General anesthetic prototype: inhaled halogenated hydrocarbon. Causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression and relaxes skeletal and smooth muscle. Use has decreased due to sensitization of heart to catecholamines, and occurrence (rare) of hepatitis and malignant hyperthermia

105
Q

Katzung

Heparin

A

Heparin,Anticoagulant: large polymeric molecule with antithrombin, and anti−factor X activity. Primary rapid onset, in vitro and in vivo anticoagulation. Antidote: protamine. See also enoxaparin

106
Q

Katzung

Hydralazine

A

Hydralazine,Antihypertensive: arteriolar vasodilator, orally active; used in HTN, CHF. Tox: Tachycardia, salt and water retention, lupus−like syndrome

107
Q

Katzung

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Hydrochlorothiazide,Thiazide diuretic prototype: acts in distal convoluted tubule; blocks Na+/Cl− transporter; used in HTN, CHF, chronic renal stone syndrome. Tox: increased serum lipids, uric acid, glucose; K+ wasting

108
Q

Katzung

Ibuprofen

A

Ibuprofen,NSAID prototype: short duration. Inhibits cyclooxygenase (both I and II) reversibly. Used in arthritis, dysmenorrhea, muscle inflammation. Tox: peptic ulcer, renal damage

109
Q

Katzung

Imipenem

A

Imipenem,Antibiotic: carbapenem beta−lactam active against many aerobic and anaerobic bacteria including penicillinase−producing organisms; a bactericidal inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. Used with cilastatin (which inhibits metabolism by renal dehydropeptidases). Tox: allergy (partial cross−reactivity with penicillins), seizures (overdose)

110
Q

Katzung

Imipramine

A

Imipramine,Tricyclic antidepressant prototype: blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Tox: ANS (alpha and muscarinic) blockade, cardiac arrhythmias

111
Q

Katzung

Indinavir

A

Indinavir,Antiviral; HIV protease inhibitor used as component of combination regimens in AIDS. Tox: anemia, nephrolithiasis, inhibits P−450 drug metabolism reactions. Other protease inhibitors: ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir

112
Q

Katzung

Indomethacin

A

Indomethacin,NSAID prototype: highly potent. Usually reserved for acute inflammation (eg, acute gout), not chronic; neonatal patent ductus arteriosus. Tox: GI (bleeding), renal damage

113
Q

Katzung

Insulin

A

Insulin,Hypoglycemic peptide hormone of B (beta) cells of the pancreas: stimulates transport of glucose into cells and glycogen formation; inhibits lipolysis and protein catabolism

114
Q

Katzung

Interferon−α

A

Interferon−α,Important cytokine for the treatment of hepatitis B and C infection.

115
Q

Katzung

Ipodate

A

Ipodate,Antithyroid: iodine−containing radiocontrast medium; also used in thyrotoxicosis. Reduces peripheral conversion of T4 to T3; may also reduce release of hormone from thyroid

116
Q

Katzung

Ipratropium

A

Ipratropium,Antimuscarinic agent: aerosol for asthma, COPD. Good bronchodilator in 20−30% of patients. Not as effective as β2 agonists

117
Q

Katzung

Isoniazid

A

Isoniazid,Antimycobacterial: primary drug in combination regimens for tuberculosis; used as sole agent in prophylaxis. Metabolic clearance via N−acetyltransferases (genetic variability). Tox: hepatotoxicity (age−dependent), peripheral neuropathy (reversed by pyridoxine), hemolysis (in G6PD deficiency)

118
Q

Katzung

Isoproterenol

A

Isoproterenol,Beta1, beta2 agonist catecholamine prototype: bronchodilator, cardiac stimulant. Always causes tachycardia because both direct and reflex actions increase HR. Tox: arrhythmias, angina

119
Q

Katzung

Ketoconazole

A

Ketoconazole,Antifungal azole prototype: active systemically; inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol. Used for C albicans, dermatophytes and for non−life−threatening systemic mycoses. Tox: hepatic dysfunction, inhibits steroid synthesis and P450−dependent drug metabolism

120
Q

Katzung

Labetalol

A

Labetalol,Alpha− and beta−blocker: used in HTN. Tox: AV block, hypotension

121
Q

Katzung

Leuprolide

A

Leuprolide,GnRH analog: synthetic peptide used in pulse therapy to stimulate gonadal steroid synthesis (infertility); used in continuous or depot therapy to shut off steroid synthesis, especially in prostate carcinoma

122
Q

Katzung

Levodopa

A

Levodopa,Dopamine precursor: used in parkinsonism, usually combined with carbidopa (a peripheral inhibitor of dopamine metabolism). Tox: dyskinesias, hypotension, on−off phenomena, behavioral changes

123
Q

Katzung

Lidocaine

A

Lidocaine,Local anesthetic, medium duration amide prototype: highly selective use−dependent Group IB antiarrhythmic; used for nerve block and post MI ischemic ventricular arrhythmias. Tox: CNS excitation

124
Q

Katzung

Lithium

A

Lithium,Antimanic prototype: drug of choice in mania and bipolar affective disorders; blocks recycling of the phosphatidyl inositol second messenger system. Tox: tremor, diabetes insipidus, goiter, seizures (in overdose), teratogenic potential (Ebstein’s malformations)

125
Q

Katzung

Lovastatin

A

Lovastatin,Antilipemic HMG−CoA reductase inhibitor prototype: acts in liver to reduce synthesis of cholesterol. Other statins: atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin. Tox: liver damage (elevated enzymes), muscle damage

126
Q

Katzung

LSD

A

LSD,Lysergic acid diethylamide, “Acid:” semisynthetic ergot derivative; orally active; hallucinogen

127
Q

Katzung

Malathion

A

Malathion,Organophosphate insecticide cholinesterase inhibitor: pro−drug converted to malaoxon. Less toxic in mammals and birds because metabolized to inactive products

128
Q

Katzung

Meperidine

A

Meperidine,Opioid analgesic: synthetic, equivalent to morphine in efficacy, but orally bioavailable. Strong agonist at mu opioid receptors; blocks muscarinic receptors. Tox: see morphine

129
Q

Katzung

Mestranol

A

Mestranol,Synthetic estrogen: used in many oral contraceptives

130
Q

Katzung

Metformin, phenformin

A

Metformin, phenformin,Oral biguanide hypoglycemics: mechanism not understood, different from sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemics. Some efficacy in the absence of functioning pancreatic B cells

131
Q

Katzung

Methadone

A

Methadone,Opioid analgesic: synthetic mu agonist, equivalent to morphine in efficacy, but orally bioavailable with longer half−life (used to suppress withdrawal symptoms and in maintenance programs). Tox: see morphine

132
Q

Katzung

Methotrexate

A

Methotrexate,Antineoplastic, immunosuppressant: cell cycle−specific drug that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Major dose reduction required in renal impairment. Tox: gastrointestinal distress, myelosuppression. Leucovorin rescue used to reduce toxicity after very high doses

133
Q

Katzung

Methyldopa

A

Methyldopa,Antihypertensive: prodrug of methylnorepinephrine, a CNS−active α2 agonist. Reduces SANS outflow from vasomotor center. Tox: positive Coombs test, hemolysis

134
Q

Katzung

Methysergide

A

Methysergide,Ergot alkaloid: used as prophylactic in migraine. Tox: retroperitoneal and subendocardial fibroplasia

135
Q

Katzung

Metoprolol

A

Metoprolol,Beta1−selective blocker: used in HTN and for prevention of post−MI sudden death arrhythmias

136
Q

Katzung

Metronidazole

A

Metronidazole,Antiprotozoal antibiotic: drug of choice in extraluminal amebiasis and trichomoniasis; active against bacterial anaerobes including B fragilis and in antibiotic−induced colitis due to C difficile. Tox: peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal distress, ethanol intolerance, mutagenic potential

137
Q

Katzung

Mexiletine

A

Mexiletine,Group IB antiarrhythmic drug: like lidocaine but orally active

138
Q

Katzung

Mifepristone (RU 486)

A

Mifepristone (RU 486),Progesterone and glucocorticoid inhibitor: abortifacient, antineoplastic

139
Q

Katzung

Minoxidil

A

Minoxidil,Antihypertensive: pro−drug of minoxidil sulfate, a high efficacy arteriolar vasodilator. Used in HTN; topically for baldness. Tox: tachycardia, salt and water retention, pericardial effusion

140
Q

Katzung

Misoprostol

A

Misoprostol,PGE1 derivative: orally active prostaglandin used to prevent peptic ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs for arthritis. Tox: diarrhea

141
Q

Katzung

Morphine

A

Morphine,Opioid analgesic prototype: strong mu receptor agonist. Poor oral bioavailability. Effects include analgesia, constipation, emesis, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, and urinary retention. Tolerance may be marked; high potential for psychologic and physical dependence. Additive effects with other CNS depressants

142
Q

Katzung

Nafcillin

A

Nafcillin,Penicillinase−resistant penicillin prototype: used for suspected or known staphylococcal infections; not active against methicillin−resistant staphylococci. Tox: penicillin allergy

143
Q

Katzung

Nalbuphine

A

Nalbuphine,Opioid: mixed agonist−antagonist analgesic that activates kappa and weakly blocks mu receptors. Effective analgesic, but with lower abuse liability and less respiratory depressant effects than most strong opioid analgesics

144
Q

Katzung

Naloxone

A

Naloxone,Opioid mu receptor antagonist: used to reverse CNS depressant effects of opioid analgesics (overdose or when used in anesthesia)

145
Q

Katzung

Neostigmine

A

Neostigmine,Cholinesterase inhibitor prototype: quaternary nitrogen carbamate with little CNS effect

146
Q

Katzung

Nevirapine

A

Nevirapine,Prototype nonnucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase (NNRTI).Others : efavirenz, delavirdine

147
Q

Katzung

Niacin

A

Niacin,Antilipemic: reduces release of VLDL from liver into circulation. Tox: flushing

148
Q

Katzung

Nifedipine

A

Nifedipine,Calcium channel blocker prototype: vasoselective (less cardiac depression); used in angina, HTN. Tox: constipation, headache

149
Q

Katzung

Nitroglycerin

A

Nitroglycerin,Antianginal vasodilator prototype: releases NO in smooth muscle of veins, less in arteries, and causes relaxation. Standard of therapy in angina (both atherosclerotic and variant). Tox: tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, headache

150
Q

Katzung

Norepinephrine

A

Norepinephrine,Adrenoceptor agonist prototype: acts at all alpha and at beta1 adrenoceptors; used as vasoconstrictor. Causes reflex bradycardia. Tox: ischemia, arrhythmias, HTN

151
Q

Katzung

Norfloxacin

A

Norfloxacin,Fluoroquinolone antibiotic: inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase; active against many urinary pathogens including E coli, H influenzae, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia. Tox: see ciprofloxacin

152
Q

Katzung

Norgestrel

A

Norgestrel,Progestin: used in many oral contraceptives and Norplant implantable contraceptive

153
Q

Katzung

Olanzapine

A

Olanzapine,Atypical antipsychotic; high affinity antagonist at 5HT2A with minimal extrapyramidal side effects; improves both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

154
Q

Katzung

Omeprazole

A

Omeprazole,Antiulcer: irreversible blocker of H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in parietal cells of stomach. Used in Zollinger−Ellison syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

155
Q

Katzung

Ondansetron, granisetron

A

Ondansetron, granisetron,5−HT3 receptor blockers: very important antiemetics for cancer chemotherapy; also used post−operatively to reduce vomiting

156
Q

Katzung

Paraquat

A

Paraquat,Toxic herbicide: very small oral (but not inhaled) doses cause lethal pulmonary fibrosis

157
Q

Katzung

Parathion

A

Parathion,Organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor prototype: used as insecticide. Pro−drug: converted in body to paraoxon. Other organophosphates: DFP, soman, tabun, echothiophate. Tox: “DUMBELS” mnemonic (Chapter 7)

158
Q

Katzung

Penicillamine

A

Penicillamine,Chelator, immunomodulator: copper and sometimes lead, mercury, arsenic. Used in Wilson’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis

159
Q

Katzung

Penicillin G

A

Penicillin G,Penicillin prototype: active against common streptococci, gram−positive bacilli, gram− negative cocci, spirochetes, and enterococci (if used with an aminoglycoside); penicillinase−susceptible. Tox: penicillin allergy

160
Q

Katzung

Phenobarbital

A

Phenobarbital,Long−acting barbiturate prototype: used as a sedative and for tonic−clonic seizures. Facilitates GABA−mediated neuronal inhibition (by increasing duration of channel opening) and may block excitatory neurotransmitters. Partial renal clearance that can be increased by urinary alkalinization. Chronic use leads to induction of liver drug− metabolizing enzymes and ALA synthase. Tox: psychologic and physical dependence liability; additive effects with other CNS depressants

161
Q

Katzung

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Phenoxybenzamine,Alpha−blocker prototype: irreversible action. Used in pheochromocytoma

162
Q

Katzung

Phentolamine

A

Phentolamine,Alpha−blocker prototype: reversible action. Used in pheochromocytoma

163
Q

Katzung

Phenytoin

A

Phenytoin,Anticonvulsant: used for tonic−clonic and partial seizures; blocks Na+ channels in neuronal membranes. Serum levels variable due to first−pass metabolism and dose−dependent nonlinear elimination kinetics. Tox: sedation, diplopia, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, respiratory depression in overdose, teratogenic potential. Drug interactions via effects on plasma protein binding or induction of hepatic metabolism

164
Q

Katzung

Physostigmine

A

Physostigmine,Cholinesterase inhibitor prototype: alkaloid tertiary amine carbamate, enters eye and CNS readily. Used in glaucoma

165
Q

Katzung

Pilocarpine

A

Pilocarpine,Muscarinic agonist prototype: tertiary amine alkaloid. May cause paradoxical hypertension by activating excitatory muscarinic EPSP receptors in postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Used in glaucoma. Tox: muscarinic excess

166
Q

Katzung

Piroxicam

A

Piroxicam,NSAID with longest duration of action (t1/2 about 40 h)

167
Q

Katzung

Pralidoxime

A

Pralidoxime,Acetylcholinesterase regenerator: very high affinity for phosphorus in organophosphates

168
Q

Katzung

Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin

A

Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin,Alpha1−selective blockers: used in HTN. Tox: first−dose orthostatic hypotension

169
Q

Katzung

Prednisone

A

Prednisone,Glucocorticoid prototype: potent, short−acting; much less mineralocorticoid activity than cortisol but more than dexamethasone or triamcinolone

170
Q

Katzung

Probenecid

A

Probenecid,Uricosuric: inhibitor of renal weak acid secretion and reabsorption in S2 segment of proximal tubule; prolongs half−life of penicillin, accelerates clearance of uric acid. Used in gout

171
Q

Katzung

Probucol

A

Probucol,Antilipemic: unknown mechanism; recently withdrawn but new evidence suggests efficacy in preventing restenosis of coronaries after angioplasty.Tox: causes arrhythmias

172
Q

Katzung

Procainamide

A

Procainamide,Group IA antiarrhythmic drug: short half−life; similar to quinidine but may cause lupus erythematosus

173
Q

Katzung

Propranolol

A

Propranolol,Nonselective beta−blocker prototype: local anesthetic action but no partial agonist effect. Used in HTN, angina, arrhythmias, migraine, hyperthyroidism, tremor. Tox: asthma, AV block, CHF

174
Q

Katzung

Propylthiouracil

A

Propylthiouracil,Antithyroid drug prototype: reduces iodination of tyrosine and coupling of MIT and DIT in the thyroid; orally active. Tox: rash, agranulocytosis (rare)

175
Q

Katzung

Prostacyclin

A

Prostacyclin,PGI2: prostaglandin vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation

176
Q

Katzung

Pyridostigmine

A

Pyridostigmine,Cholinesterase inhibitor: long−acting (8 h) quaternary carbamate; used in myasthenia gravis

177
Q

Katzung

Quinidine

A

Quinidine,Group IA antiarrhythmic prototype: used in atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Tox: cinchonism, GI upset, thrombocytopenic purpura, arrhythmogenic

178
Q

Katzung

Quinine

A

Quinine,Antimalarial: blood schizonticide; no effect on liver stages. Isomer of quinidine, same toxicity

179
Q

Katzung

Ranitidine

A

Ranitidine,H2 blocker: like cimetidine but less inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism; no antiandrogenic effects

180
Q

Katzung

Reserpine

A

Reserpine,Antihypertensive: selective inhibitor of vesicle catecholamine/H+ antiporter; used in HTN, causes depletion of catecholamines and 5−HT from their stores. Tox: severe depression, suicide, ulcers

181
Q

Katzung

Rifampin

A

Rifampin,Antimicrobial: inhibitor of DNA−dependent RNA polymerase used in drug regimens for tuberculosis and the meningococcal carrier state. Tox: hepatic dysfunction, induction of liver drug−metabolizing enzymes (drug interactions), flu−like syndrome with intermittent dosing

182
Q

Katzung

Risperidone, olanzapine, sertindole

A

Risperidone, olanzapine, sertindole,Newer atypical antipsychotics. Higher potency, more blocking of 5−HT2 receptors than older antipsychotic agents. Low extrapyramidal toxicity.

183
Q

Katzung

Selegiline

A

Selegiline,MAO−B inhibitor: selective inhibitor of the enzyme that metabolizes dopamine (no tyramine interactions). Used in parkinsonism as adjunct

184
Q

Katzung

Sildenafil

A

Sildenafil,Viagra. Blocks phosphodiesterase that splits cGMP; enhanced smooth muscle relaxation causes erection. Important interaction with nitrates.

185
Q

Katzung

Streptokinase

A

Streptokinase,Thrombolytic: protein from streptococci that accelerates plasminogen−to−plasmin conversion. Tox: bleeding, allergy

186
Q

Katzung

Succimer (DMSA)

A

Succimer (DMSA),Chelator: dimercaptosuccinic acid; used to chelate lead and arsenic

187
Q

Katzung

Succinylcholine

A

Succinylcholine,Depolarizing neuromuscular relaxant prototype: short duration (5 min) if patient has normal plasma cholinesterase (genetically determined). No antidote (compare with tubocurarine)

188
Q

Katzung

Sumatriptan, other “− triptans”

A

Sumatriptan, other “− triptans”,5−HT1D receptor agonists: used to abort migraine attacks

189
Q

Katzung

Tamoxifen, raloxifen

A

Tamoxifen, raloxifen,Estrogen partial agonists “selective estrogen receptor modulators”: used in breast carcinoma, osteoporosis

190
Q

Katzung

Tetracaine

A

Tetracaine,Local anesthetic: long−acting ester prototype

191
Q

Katzung

Tetracycline

A

Tetracycline,Antibiotic: tetracycline prototype; bacteriostatic inhibitor of protein synthesis (30S). Broad spectrum, but many resistant organisms. Used for Lyme disease, mycoplasmal, chlamydial, rickettsial infections, chronic bronchitis, acne, cholera; a back−up drug in syphilis. Tox: GI upset and superinfections (Candida, staphylococci), antianabolic actions, Fanconi’s syndrome (outdated drug), photosensitivity, dental enamel dysplasia

192
Q

Katzung

Tetrodotoxin

A

Tetrodotoxin,Toxin: very potent sodium channel blocker; blocks action potential propagation in nerve, heart, and skeletal muscle. From puffer fish, California newt. Tox: paresthesias, paralysis

193
Q

Katzung

Thiazides

A

Thiazides,Diuretic prototype: block Na+/Cl− transporter in distal convoluted tubule; used in HTN, CHF, chronic stone formers. Tox: K+ wasting; increased serum lipids, uric acid, and glucose

194
Q

Katzung

Thioridazine

A

Thioridazine,Antipsychotic phenothiazine: blocks most dopamine receptors in the CNS. Tox: atropine− like effects (marked), ECG abnormalities, postural hypotension, retinal pigmentation, sedation, additive effects with other CNS depressants (but less EPS dysfunction than other phenothiazines)

195
Q

Katzung

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine

A

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine,Major hormones produced by the thyroid: stimulate metabolism, growth, and development

196
Q

Katzung

Ticarcillin

A

Ticarcillin,Extended spectrum penicillin active against selected gram−negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (synergistic with aminoglycosides). Susceptible to penicillinases unless used with clavulanic acid. Tox: penicillin allergy

197
Q

Katzung

Ticlopidine, clopidogrel

A

Ticlopidine, clopidogrel,Newer antiplatelet agents. Used to prevent strokes, postangioplasty occlusion.

198
Q

Katzung

Tolbutamide, tolazamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide

A

Tolbutamide, tolazamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide,Oral hypoglycemics: older sulfonylurea group. (See glipizide.) Chlorpropamide has longest duration of action

199
Q

Katzung

Trimethoprim−sulfamethoxazole

A

Trimethoprim−sulfamethoxazole,Antimicrobial drug combination: causes synergistic sequential blockade of folic acid synthesis. Active against many gram−negative bacteria including Aeromonas, Enterobacter, H influenzae, Klebsiella, Moraxella, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella. Possible back−up agent for methicillin−resistant staphylococci. Tox: mainly due to sulfonamide; includes hypersensitivity, hematotoxicity, kernicterus, and drug interactions due to competition for plasma protein binding

200
Q

Katzung

Tubocurarine

A

Tubocurarine,Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent prototype: competitive nicotinic blocker. Releases histamine and may cause hypotension. Analogues: pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium, and other “−curiums” and “−curoniums.” Antidote: cholinesterase inhibitor, eg, neostigmine

201
Q

Katzung

Tyramine

A

Tyramine,Indirectly acting sympathomimetic prototype: releases or displaces norepinephrine from stores in nerve endings. Usually inactive by the oral route because of high first pass effect but will cause potentially lethal hypertensive responses in patients taking MAO inhibitors

202
Q

Katzung

Valproic acid

A

Valproic acid,Anticonvulsant: used in absence, clonic−tonic, and myoclonic seizure states, migraine prophylactic. Tox: GI distress, hepatic necrosis (rare), teratogenic (spina bifida); inhibits drug metabolism

203
Q

Katzung

Vancomycin

A

Vancomycin,Glycopeptide bactericidal antibiotic: inhibits synthesis of cell wall precursor molecules. Drug of choice for methicillin−resistant staphylococci and effective in antibiotic−induced colitis. Dose reduction required in renal impairment (or hemodialysis). Tox: ototoxicity, hypersensitivity, renal dysfunction (rare)

204
Q

Katzung

Verapamil

A

Verapamil,Calcium channel blocker prototype: blocks “L−type” channels; cardiac depressant and vasodilator; used in HTN, angina, and arrhythmias. Tox: AV block, CHF, constipation

205
Q

Katzung

Vesamicol

A

Vesamicol,Inhibitor of vesicle ACh/H+ antiporter in cholinergic nerve endings: prevents storage of ACh. No clinical applications

206
Q

Katzung

Vincristine

A

Vincristine,Antineoplastic plant alkaloid: cell cycle (M phase)−specific agent; inhibits mitotic spindle formation. Tox: peripheral neuropathy. Compare with vinblastine, a congener that causes myelosuppression

207
Q

Katzung

Warfarin

A

Warfarin,Oral anticoagulant prototype: causes synthesis of nonfunctional versions of the vitamin K− dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X). Tox: bleeding, teratogenic. Antidote: vitamin K, fresh plasma

208
Q

Katzung

Zanamivir

A

Zanamivir, oseltamivir,Neuraminidase inhibitors that can be used to reduce severity and duration of influenza symptoms. Prevents penetration of the virion.

209
Q

Katzung

Zidovudine (AZT)

A

Zidovudine (AZT),Antiviral: prototype nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase (NRTI). Tox: severe myelosuppression. Others: lamivudine, stavudine, didanosine, zalcitabine.

210
Q

Katzung

Zolpidem

A

Zolpidem,Non−benzodiazepine hypnotic, acts via the BDZ1 (omega1) receptor subtype and is reversed by flumazenil; less amnesia and muscle relaxation; lower dependence liability

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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