Katia's que cards Flashcards
1
Q
What do the arteries do?
A
Take oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
2
Q
What is the biggest artery in the body?
A
The aorta
3
Q
What type of blood do arteries carry?
A
Oxygenated
4
Q
Do arteries have thick or thin muscle walls?
A
Thick
5
Q
Do arteries carry blood at a high or low pressure?
A
High
6
Q
Do arteries have a large or small central diameter?
A
Small
7
Q
What do veins do?
A
Take deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart
8
Q
What type of blood do veins carry?
A
Deoxygenated
9
Q
Do veins have thick or thin muscle walls?
A
Thin
10
Q
Do veins carry blood at a high or low pressure?
A
Low pressure
11
Q
Do veins have a small or large central diameter?
A
Large
12
Q
What is the function of valves?
A
Prevent the backflow of blood
13
Q
Why are the capillaries only one cell thick?
A
Allow for the greatest diffusion
14
Q
What is diffusion?
A
Gaseous exchange of 02 and c02 and the movement of gasses from a high concentration to a low concentration
15
Q
Do capillaries have a large or small central diameter?
A
Large
16
Q
Give a textbook blood pressure value
A
120/80
17
Q
What does the first value in blood pressure represent?
A
Systole (heart is contracting)
18
Q
What does the second value in blood pressure represent?
A
Diastole (heart is relaxing)
19
Q
What is prehypertension?
A
When blood pressure is going up
20
Q
Give three ways blood is returned to the heart
A
- Valves
- Muscle pumps
- Breathing
21
Q
What is the function of red blood cells?
A
To carry oxygen, combining with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
22
Q
What is the function of white blood cells?
A
Protect the body from disease
23
Q
What is the function of platelets?
A
Allow for coagulation so that the blood can clot following an injury
24
Q
What is the function of plasma?
A
To hydrate us
25
Why does our blood become more viscous during exercise?
Because we get hot during exercise, we sweat and so we lose liquid via evaporation. This means the blood becomes more thick
26
Define heart rate
The amount of times the heart beats per minute
27
Define stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction
28
Define cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
29
Define end diastolic volume
The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction
30
Define end systolic volume
The amount of blood in the ventricle after contraction
31
Do children or adults have a higher heart rate?
Children
32
Give some factors that affect resting heart rate
1. Age
2. Fitness
3. Altitude
4. Temperature
33
What is the average resting heart rate?
60-80 bpm
34
How can stroke volume be increased?
1. Frank Starling mechanism
2. Release of adrenaline
3. Thicker heart muscle- cardiac hypertrophy
35
What is the resting cardiac output value?
5.0L/min
36
What is the exercising cardiac output value?
20-40L/min
37
Which has a higher blood pressure- resistance or dynamic exercise?
Resistance- all muscles will be working at the same time
38
Define A-V02 difference
The difference between the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood and the venous blood
39
What is the venous blood?
Blood leaving the muscles
40
What is arterial blood?
Blood going into the muscles
41
What does a greater A-V02 difference show?
More blood is being taken in and used by the muscles and less oxygen is then leaving the muscles
42
What happens to A-V02 difference during exercise?
A-V02 increases during exercise as the muscles need more oxygen
43
Define pulmonary ventilation
The movement of air in and out of the lungs
44
Define minute ventilation
The volume of air that is breathed in or out of the lungs per minute
45
What do cilia do?
Filter the air and clear any substances away
46
What is the standard volume of the lungs?
Around 4-6 litres
47
What happens at the alveoli?
Gaseous exchange
48
Give the 3 steps of inspiration
1. The diaphragm contracts and pulls down and the external intercostals pull outwards
2. This lowers the pressure so the air rushes in (high concentration-low concentration)
3. This then balances the pressure between the lungs and atmosphere
49
Give the 3 steps on expiration
1. The diaphragm relaxes and moves back to a dome shape and the external intercostals relax back in
2. This increases the pressure in the lungs and so air moves out into the atmosphere
3. This then balances the pressure between the lungs and atmosphere
50
What does a pressure gradient show?
The difference between the amount of c02 in the blood and the amount in the atmosphere
51
How much of the air is oxygen?
20.93%
52
How much of the air is nitrogen?
79.04
53
How many oxygens can bind to one haemoglobin?
4
54
Give two factors that affect oxygen binding to haemoglobin.
1. Temperature
| 2. Acidity of the muscle/blood
55
What are the two factors that affect the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?
1. Temperature
| 2. Acidity
56
How will carbon dioxide be transported?
1. Dissolved in the plasma
2. binding to haemoglobin to form carbiminohaemoglobin
3. As bicarbonate ions
57
What detects chemical changes?
Chemoreceptors
58
What do mechanoreceptors do?
They detect movement and then send signals to the brain to increase movement
59
Define tidal volume
The volume of air you are breathing in or out per breath
60
Give 2 ways to increase ventilation
1. The amount of breaths
| 2. The size of breaths
61
Where does the respiratory control centre get information from?
1. The brain
2. The blood
3. Muscle movement
4. Filling of the lungs
62
Why does the respiratory system send signals to the intercostal muscles?
Because the intercostal muscles will move outwards to get more oxygen in
63
What happens when you reach the ventilatory breakpoint?
It is a period of high intensity where you begin producing lactic acid
64
What happens before you reach the ventilatory breakpoint/threshold?
Your breathing increases in a relatively linear pattern
65
What is the textbook value for the number of litres of oxygen the body requires in heavy exercise?
100L/min
66
Define V02 max
The maximum amount of oxygen your body can take in per minute
67
What is 'reversibility'?
Tailoring training to ensure that even after injury the athlete can continue to perform and improve
68
Is breathing a limiting or non-limiting factor?
Non-limiting: because even when you think you are breathing as hard as you can, you can usually continue breathing harder
69
Which has more limiting factors: the respiratory system or the cardiovascular system?
The respiratory system
70
What can having excess hydrogen do?
Decrease the function of muscle contractibility as well as decreased ATP production
71
How much can we cope with our blood levels changing?
6.9 to 7.5 on the Ph scale
72
How can V02 max be improved?
Increased stroke volume
73
After 6 months of moderate training, how much can your submaximal heart rate decrease by?
20-40 bpm
74
What are the cardiac output values for untrained people?
14-20 L/MIN
75
What are the cardiac output values for trained athletes?
25-35 L/MIN
76
What are the cardiac output values for endurance athletes?
40 L/Min
77
Give 4 benefits to blood flow of training...
1. Increased capillarisation of trained muscles
2. Greater opening of existing capillaries in trained muscles
3. More effective blood redistribution- blood goes where it is needed
4. Increased blood volume to transport more oxygen to the working tissues
78
What does it mean when red blood cell volumes increase?
There is more haemoglobin which means more oxygen transport
79
Give two factors correlated with changes to plasma
1. Stroke volume
| 2. V02 max
80
Give some cardiovascular adaptations to training...
1. increased cardiac hypertrophy
2. stroke volume increases
3. resting heart rate decreases
4. slight decrease in blood pressure
81
What factors affect v02 max?
1. Level of conditioning
2. Age- the older you are, the more your V02 max will decrease
3. Gender- v02 max tends be lower in women
4. Specificity of training
5. Heredity/genetics of family and parents
82
What happens to the respiratory systems after training?
1. static lung volumes don't change
2. tidal volume stays the same at rest and submaximal but increases during maximal exercise
3. pulmonary ventilation increases
4. A-V02 increases
83
Describe metabolism
The breaking down and transfer or converting if energy to keep you alive. This includes chemical processes needed for muscular contraction
84
How many grams of ATP are present in a resting human?
Around 50 grams
85
How much ATP is resynthesized every day?
50-75kg
86
What two factors effect which energy system is used?
1. Intensity
| 2. Duration
87
Define glycogenesis
The process of glycogen synthesis from glucose
88
Define glycogenolysis
The process when glycogen is broken down into glucose 1 phosphate
89
Define glycolysis
This is the controlled breakdown of glucose to resynthesise ATP
90
What does glycolysis produce?
Pyruvate and lactate
91
When ATP is broken down, what is produced?
Hydrogen
92
What is the effect of hydrogen?
Makes muscles and blood more acidic which effects muscular contractions
93
How is lactate positive?
It converts and picks up hydrogen so it is not in the muscle anymore and then buffers it
94
Do ATP, PCr and glycogen increase in anaerobic training
NO- The body will just be better at replenishing and using the stores
95
What is the function of creatine kinase?
It is used in anaerobic activity for the breakdown of PC and then the replenishment of ADP to ATP
96
What is bicarbonate buffering?
This is when bicarbonate in the body is used to take up the acidity of hydrogen
97
What is the negative effect of bicarbonate buffering?
Carbonic acid is produced but this is still weaker than hydrogen
98
How is carbonic acids broken down?
Into C02 and H20. The carbon dioxide can then be breathed out and the H20 used for hydration
99
What kind of athletes are better at bicarbonate buffering?
Anaerobically trained athletes
100
If pyruvate is the end product then which metabolism system is used?
Aerobic metabolism
101
If lactate is the end product then which metabolism system is used?
Anaerobic metabolism
102
How many ATP are produced from the Kreb's cycle?
2
103
What is produced as a by product from the Kreb's cycle?
C02
104
How many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain?
28
105
What is released from the kreb's cycle to enable entering the electron transport chain?
H+ Ions and electrons
106
How many kilocalories does carbs, fats and alcohol have?
Carbs- 4
Fats- 9
Alcohol- 7
107
Where is carbs stored as glycogen?
The muscle or liver (more in muscles than liver)
108
How is carbs stored in the muscle and liver?
Glycogen
109
What are muscle stores of carbs used for?
Muscle contractions
110
What is lipolysis?
Breakdown of fat
111
What is a triglyceride?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
112
What happens when triglycerides breakdown?
The fatty acids and glycerol are separated. The glycerol can then move to the liver
113
What takes in the fatty acids from the blood?
The muscle
114
Why are triglycerides important?
The only type of fat we can use directly
115
Give 2 stages in beta oxidation
1. Carbon atoms are stripped from the fatty acids and are separated
2. The carbon atoms then join together to make acetyl co-a so that it can enter the krebs cycle
116
What effect does the number of carbon atoms have?
More acetyl CO-A that can form and therefore how many cycles of ATP can be produced
117
Give 2 factors effecting the type of fuel use
1. Gender- women more likely to use fat because more suited to aerobic
2. Age- harder to use carbs/anaerobic energy as you age
118
What are sensory nerves otherwise known as?
Afferent nerves
119
What do afferent nerves do?
Send information to arrive at the brain about what is happening in the body
120
Are sensory nerves only in one area?
No- spread out across the whole body
121
Are sensory nerves all the same type?
No- many different types of sensory nerves
122
How is the information from sensory nerves send to the brain?
It goes through the spinal cord where information is interpreted at the brain
123
What do effector nerves do?
They send signals round the body exiting the brain
124
What type of changes can be made by the brain via the effector nerves?
Autonomic or somatic
125
What is an autonomic response?
One that happens automatically- parasympathetic or sympathetic
126
What is a somatic response?
One we have to control and think about- engaging skeletal muscles
127
Give three examples of afferent sensory nerves
1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Chemoreceptors
3. Thermoreceptors
4. Baroreceptors
128
What sensory nerve helps you to respond to painful stimuli?
Nociceptors
129
What do the muscle spindles do?
Protect against over stretching
130
What happens if over stretching is detected?
An impulse is sent to the same muscle that is contracting and causes it to reversibly contract
131
Why do the information picked up by muscle spindles not go to the brain?
Because it is a standard response- the same thing happens every time
132
If a muscle was over stretching what would protect it?
Muscle spindles
133
If a load was too heavy for a muscle what would protect it?
Golgi tendon organs
134
What happens if a load is to heavy?
The Golgi tendon organs detect a heavy load and send an impulse to reflectively relax and stop carrying the load 'switching the muscle off'
135
What is an action potential?
A rapid and substantial change to the electrical change of a neurone to travel the full length of the neurone and then pass onto the next structure
136
When the inside of the axon is more negative than the outside, what is it called?
Resting state
137
what happens in deploarisation?
this is when sodium enters the inside of the axon making it more positive than negative
138
what is it called when the impulse is sufficient enough to travel the full length of the nerve?
Propagation of the action potential
139
What is repolarisation?
When potassium channels open up so potassium can leave the inside of the axon and take it back to being negative
140
What ensures that the inside of the axon is back at resting state?
Sodium potassium pumps
141
Are smooth muscles involuntary or voluntary?
Involuntary- not under our conscious control
142
Which muscle has regular and repeating muscle pattern structures?
Skeletal muscles
143
What does sarcomere allow for?
Contracting and lengthening- when all shorten the whole muscle shortens and vice versa
144
Where is calcium stored for muscular contractions?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
145
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Storage site for calcium
146
What does the sarcomere contain?
Myosin and actin
147
Is myosin a thick or thin filament?
Thick
148
Is actin a thick or thin filament?
Thin
149
Is myosin the red or blue protein?
Blue
150
Is actin the red or blue protein?
Red
151
What it called when myosin binds to actin?
Cross Bridge
152
A cross bridge is when...
Myosin binds to actin
153
What causes a contraction or shortening of skeletal muscle?
Myosin pulls actin towards the middle of the sarcomere
154
What stops contractions at rest?
Troponin and tropomyosin
155
How do troponin and tropomyosin stop contractions?
They block the binding sites for myosin and actin
156
Give the 5 stages of excitation contraction coupling
1. transfer of action potential from motor neurone to muscle membrane
2. depolarisation of muscle membrane
3. release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
4. binding of calcium to troponin and movement of tropomyosin out of the way
5. binding of myosin to actin and the initiation of cross bridge cycle
