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Physiology year 1 > Katia's que cards > Flashcards

Katia's que cards Flashcards

1
Q

What do the arteries do?

A

Take oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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2
Q

What is the biggest artery in the body?

A

The aorta

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3
Q

What type of blood do arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated

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4
Q

Do arteries have thick or thin muscle walls?

A

Thick

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5
Q

Do arteries carry blood at a high or low pressure?

A

High

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6
Q

Do arteries have a large or small central diameter?

A

Small

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7
Q

What do veins do?

A

Take deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart

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8
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

Deoxygenated

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9
Q

Do veins have thick or thin muscle walls?

A

Thin

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10
Q

Do veins carry blood at a high or low pressure?

A

Low pressure

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11
Q

Do veins have a small or large central diameter?

A

Large

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12
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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13
Q

Why are the capillaries only one cell thick?

A

Allow for the greatest diffusion

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14
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Gaseous exchange of 02 and c02 and the movement of gasses from a high concentration to a low concentration

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15
Q

Do capillaries have a large or small central diameter?

A

Large

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16
Q

Give a textbook blood pressure value

A

120/80

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17
Q

What does the first value in blood pressure represent?

A

Systole (heart is contracting)

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18
Q

What does the second value in blood pressure represent?

A

Diastole (heart is relaxing)

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19
Q

What is prehypertension?

A

When blood pressure is going up

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20
Q

Give three ways blood is returned to the heart

A
  1. Valves
  2. Muscle pumps
  3. Breathing
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21
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen, combining with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

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22
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Protect the body from disease

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23
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Allow for coagulation so that the blood can clot following an injury

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24
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

To hydrate us

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25
Q

Why does our blood become more viscous during exercise?

A

Because we get hot during exercise, we sweat and so we lose liquid via evaporation. This means the blood becomes more thick

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26
Q

Define heart rate

A

The amount of times the heart beats per minute

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27
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction

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28
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat

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29
Q

Define end diastolic volume

A

The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction

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30
Q

Define end systolic volume

A

The amount of blood in the ventricle after contraction

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31
Q

Do children or adults have a higher heart rate?

A

Children

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32
Q

Give some factors that affect resting heart rate

A
  1. Age
  2. Fitness
  3. Altitude
  4. Temperature
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33
Q

What is the average resting heart rate?

A

60-80 bpm

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34
Q

How can stroke volume be increased?

A
  1. Frank Starling mechanism
  2. Release of adrenaline
  3. Thicker heart muscle- cardiac hypertrophy
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35
Q

What is the resting cardiac output value?

A

5.0L/min

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36
Q

What is the exercising cardiac output value?

A

20-40L/min

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37
Q

Which has a higher blood pressure- resistance or dynamic exercise?

A

Resistance- all muscles will be working at the same time

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38
Q

Define A-V02 difference

A

The difference between the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood and the venous blood

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39
Q

What is the venous blood?

A

Blood leaving the muscles

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40
Q

What is arterial blood?

A

Blood going into the muscles

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41
Q

What does a greater A-V02 difference show?

A

More blood is being taken in and used by the muscles and less oxygen is then leaving the muscles

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42
Q

What happens to A-V02 difference during exercise?

A

A-V02 increases during exercise as the muscles need more oxygen

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43
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs

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44
Q

Define minute ventilation

A

The volume of air that is breathed in or out of the lungs per minute

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45
Q

What do cilia do?

A

Filter the air and clear any substances away

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46
Q

What is the standard volume of the lungs?

A

Around 4-6 litres

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47
Q

What happens at the alveoli?

A

Gaseous exchange

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48
Q

Give the 3 steps of inspiration

A
  1. The diaphragm contracts and pulls down and the external intercostals pull outwards
  2. This lowers the pressure so the air rushes in (high concentration-low concentration)
  3. This then balances the pressure between the lungs and atmosphere
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49
Q

Give the 3 steps on expiration

A
  1. The diaphragm relaxes and moves back to a dome shape and the external intercostals relax back in
  2. This increases the pressure in the lungs and so air moves out into the atmosphere
  3. This then balances the pressure between the lungs and atmosphere
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50
Q

What does a pressure gradient show?

A

The difference between the amount of c02 in the blood and the amount in the atmosphere

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51
Q

How much of the air is oxygen?

A

20.93%

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52
Q

How much of the air is nitrogen?

A

79.04

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53
Q

How many oxygens can bind to one haemoglobin?

A

4

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54
Q

Give two factors that affect oxygen binding to haemoglobin.

A
  1. Temperature

2. Acidity of the muscle/blood

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55
Q

What are the two factors that affect the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

A
  1. Temperature

2. Acidity

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56
Q

How will carbon dioxide be transported?

A
  1. Dissolved in the plasma
  2. binding to haemoglobin to form carbiminohaemoglobin
  3. As bicarbonate ions
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57
Q

What detects chemical changes?

A

Chemoreceptors

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58
Q

What do mechanoreceptors do?

A

They detect movement and then send signals to the brain to increase movement

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59
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The volume of air you are breathing in or out per breath

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60
Q

Give 2 ways to increase ventilation

A
  1. The amount of breaths

2. The size of breaths

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61
Q

Where does the respiratory control centre get information from?

A
  1. The brain
  2. The blood
  3. Muscle movement
  4. Filling of the lungs
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62
Q

Why does the respiratory system send signals to the intercostal muscles?

A

Because the intercostal muscles will move outwards to get more oxygen in

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63
Q

What happens when you reach the ventilatory breakpoint?

A

It is a period of high intensity where you begin producing lactic acid

64
Q

What happens before you reach the ventilatory breakpoint/threshold?

A

Your breathing increases in a relatively linear pattern

65
Q

What is the textbook value for the number of litres of oxygen the body requires in heavy exercise?

A

100L/min

66
Q

Define V02 max

A

The maximum amount of oxygen your body can take in per minute

67
Q

What is ‘reversibility’?

A

Tailoring training to ensure that even after injury the athlete can continue to perform and improve

68
Q

Is breathing a limiting or non-limiting factor?

A

Non-limiting: because even when you think you are breathing as hard as you can, you can usually continue breathing harder

69
Q

Which has more limiting factors: the respiratory system or the cardiovascular system?

A

The respiratory system

70
Q

What can having excess hydrogen do?

A

Decrease the function of muscle contractibility as well as decreased ATP production

71
Q

How much can we cope with our blood levels changing?

A

6.9 to 7.5 on the Ph scale

72
Q

How can V02 max be improved?

A

Increased stroke volume

73
Q

After 6 months of moderate training, how much can your submaximal heart rate decrease by?

A

20-40 bpm

74
Q

What are the cardiac output values for untrained people?

A

14-20 L/MIN

75
Q

What are the cardiac output values for trained athletes?

A

25-35 L/MIN

76
Q

What are the cardiac output values for endurance athletes?

A

40 L/Min

77
Q

Give 4 benefits to blood flow of training…

A
  1. Increased capillarisation of trained muscles
  2. Greater opening of existing capillaries in trained muscles
  3. More effective blood redistribution- blood goes where it is needed
  4. Increased blood volume to transport more oxygen to the working tissues
78
Q

What does it mean when red blood cell volumes increase?

A

There is more haemoglobin which means more oxygen transport

79
Q

Give two factors correlated with changes to plasma

A
  1. Stroke volume

2. V02 max

80
Q

Give some cardiovascular adaptations to training…

A
  1. increased cardiac hypertrophy
  2. stroke volume increases
  3. resting heart rate decreases
  4. slight decrease in blood pressure
81
Q

What factors affect v02 max?

A
  1. Level of conditioning
  2. Age- the older you are, the more your V02 max will decrease
  3. Gender- v02 max tends be lower in women
  4. Specificity of training
  5. Heredity/genetics of family and parents
82
Q

What happens to the respiratory systems after training?

A
  1. static lung volumes don’t change
  2. tidal volume stays the same at rest and submaximal but increases during maximal exercise
  3. pulmonary ventilation increases
  4. A-V02 increases
83
Q

Describe metabolism

A

The breaking down and transfer or converting if energy to keep you alive. This includes chemical processes needed for muscular contraction

84
Q

How many grams of ATP are present in a resting human?

A

Around 50 grams

85
Q

How much ATP is resynthesized every day?

A

50-75kg

86
Q

What two factors effect which energy system is used?

A
  1. Intensity

2. Duration

87
Q

Define glycogenesis

A

The process of glycogen synthesis from glucose

88
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

The process when glycogen is broken down into glucose 1 phosphate

89
Q

Define glycolysis

A

This is the controlled breakdown of glucose to resynthesise ATP

90
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

Pyruvate and lactate

91
Q

When ATP is broken down, what is produced?

A

Hydrogen

92
Q

What is the effect of hydrogen?

A

Makes muscles and blood more acidic which effects muscular contractions

93
Q

How is lactate positive?

A

It converts and picks up hydrogen so it is not in the muscle anymore and then buffers it

94
Q

Do ATP, PCr and glycogen increase in anaerobic training

A

NO- The body will just be better at replenishing and using the stores

95
Q

What is the function of creatine kinase?

A

It is used in anaerobic activity for the breakdown of PC and then the replenishment of ADP to ATP

96
Q

What is bicarbonate buffering?

A

This is when bicarbonate in the body is used to take up the acidity of hydrogen

97
Q

What is the negative effect of bicarbonate buffering?

A

Carbonic acid is produced but this is still weaker than hydrogen

98
Q

How is carbonic acids broken down?

A

Into C02 and H20. The carbon dioxide can then be breathed out and the H20 used for hydration

99
Q

What kind of athletes are better at bicarbonate buffering?

A

Anaerobically trained athletes

100
Q

If pyruvate is the end product then which metabolism system is used?

A

Aerobic metabolism

101
Q

If lactate is the end product then which metabolism system is used?

A

Anaerobic metabolism

102
Q

How many ATP are produced from the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2

103
Q

What is produced as a by product from the Kreb’s cycle?

A

C02

104
Q

How many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain?

A

28

105
Q

What is released from the kreb’s cycle to enable entering the electron transport chain?

A

H+ Ions and electrons

106
Q

How many kilocalories does carbs, fats and alcohol have?

A

Carbs- 4
Fats- 9
Alcohol- 7

107
Q

Where is carbs stored as glycogen?

A

The muscle or liver (more in muscles than liver)

108
Q

How is carbs stored in the muscle and liver?

A

Glycogen

109
Q

What are muscle stores of carbs used for?

A

Muscle contractions

110
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Breakdown of fat

111
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

112
Q

What happens when triglycerides breakdown?

A

The fatty acids and glycerol are separated. The glycerol can then move to the liver

113
Q

What takes in the fatty acids from the blood?

A

The muscle

114
Q

Why are triglycerides important?

A

The only type of fat we can use directly

115
Q

Give 2 stages in beta oxidation

A
  1. Carbon atoms are stripped from the fatty acids and are separated
  2. The carbon atoms then join together to make acetyl co-a so that it can enter the krebs cycle
116
Q

What effect does the number of carbon atoms have?

A

More acetyl CO-A that can form and therefore how many cycles of ATP can be produced

117
Q

Give 2 factors effecting the type of fuel use

A
  1. Gender- women more likely to use fat because more suited to aerobic
  2. Age- harder to use carbs/anaerobic energy as you age
118
Q

What are sensory nerves otherwise known as?

A

Afferent nerves

119
Q

What do afferent nerves do?

A

Send information to arrive at the brain about what is happening in the body

120
Q

Are sensory nerves only in one area?

A

No- spread out across the whole body

121
Q

Are sensory nerves all the same type?

A

No- many different types of sensory nerves

122
Q

How is the information from sensory nerves send to the brain?

A

It goes through the spinal cord where information is interpreted at the brain

123
Q

What do effector nerves do?

A

They send signals round the body exiting the brain

124
Q

What type of changes can be made by the brain via the effector nerves?

A

Autonomic or somatic

125
Q

What is an autonomic response?

A

One that happens automatically- parasympathetic or sympathetic

126
Q

What is a somatic response?

A

One we have to control and think about- engaging skeletal muscles

127
Q

Give three examples of afferent sensory nerves

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Thermoreceptors
  4. Baroreceptors
128
Q

What sensory nerve helps you to respond to painful stimuli?

A

Nociceptors

129
Q

What do the muscle spindles do?

A

Protect against over stretching

130
Q

What happens if over stretching is detected?

A

An impulse is sent to the same muscle that is contracting and causes it to reversibly contract

131
Q

Why do the information picked up by muscle spindles not go to the brain?

A

Because it is a standard response- the same thing happens every time

132
Q

If a muscle was over stretching what would protect it?

A

Muscle spindles

133
Q

If a load was too heavy for a muscle what would protect it?

A

Golgi tendon organs

134
Q

What happens if a load is to heavy?

A

The Golgi tendon organs detect a heavy load and send an impulse to reflectively relax and stop carrying the load ‘switching the muscle off’

135
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A rapid and substantial change to the electrical change of a neurone to travel the full length of the neurone and then pass onto the next structure

136
Q

When the inside of the axon is more negative than the outside, what is it called?

A

Resting state

137
Q

what happens in deploarisation?

A

this is when sodium enters the inside of the axon making it more positive than negative

138
Q

what is it called when the impulse is sufficient enough to travel the full length of the nerve?

A

Propagation of the action potential

139
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

When potassium channels open up so potassium can leave the inside of the axon and take it back to being negative

140
Q

What ensures that the inside of the axon is back at resting state?

A

Sodium potassium pumps

141
Q

Are smooth muscles involuntary or voluntary?

A

Involuntary- not under our conscious control

142
Q

Which muscle has regular and repeating muscle pattern structures?

A

Skeletal muscles

143
Q

What does sarcomere allow for?

A

Contracting and lengthening- when all shorten the whole muscle shortens and vice versa

144
Q

Where is calcium stored for muscular contractions?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

145
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Storage site for calcium

146
Q

What does the sarcomere contain?

A

Myosin and actin

147
Q

Is myosin a thick or thin filament?

A

Thick

148
Q

Is actin a thick or thin filament?

A

Thin

149
Q

Is myosin the red or blue protein?

A

Blue

150
Q

Is actin the red or blue protein?

A

Red

151
Q

What it called when myosin binds to actin?

A

Cross Bridge

152
Q

A cross bridge is when…

A

Myosin binds to actin

153
Q

What causes a contraction or shortening of skeletal muscle?

A

Myosin pulls actin towards the middle of the sarcomere

154
Q

What stops contractions at rest?

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

155
Q

How do troponin and tropomyosin stop contractions?

A

They block the binding sites for myosin and actin

156
Q

Give the 5 stages of excitation contraction coupling

A
  1. transfer of action potential from motor neurone to muscle membrane
  2. depolarisation of muscle membrane
  3. release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. binding of calcium to troponin and movement of tropomyosin out of the way
  5. binding of myosin to actin and the initiation of cross bridge cycle

Physiology year 1 (2 decks)

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