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Karyotyping (PPT proper) Flashcards

1
Q

Karyotyping methods is ___ (classical/molecular) cytogenetics

A

Classical

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2
Q

The number and appearance of chromosome in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

Karyotype

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3
Q

Information found on the karyotype (4)

A

Size of chromosome
Position of centromere
Presence of secondary constrictions
Size of satellites

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4
Q

Karyotype comes from the Greek word “___”, which means ___

A

Karyon
Nucleus

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5
Q

The study of the whole sets of chromosomes

A

Karyology

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6
Q

The standard format of representing chromosomes as diagram when the haploid set of chromosomes of an organism are ordered in a series of decreasing size

A

Idiogram or karyogram

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7
Q

Show larger differences between smaller and larger chromosome in a set

A

Asymmetric karyotype

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8
Q

Have more acrocentric chromosomes and relatively advance feature

A

Asymmetric karyotype

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9
Q

Show lesser difference between smaller and larger chromosome in a set

A

Symmetric karyotype

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10
Q

Have more metacentric chromosomes and no advanced feature

A

Symmetric karyotype

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11
Q

In 1931, __ ____, a Russian scientist suggested that in flowering plants there is a predominant trend towards karyotype asymmtery

A

GA Levitzky

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12
Q

Proportion of metacentric, acrocentric chromosomes in a set

A

Degree of asymmetry

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13
Q

Ratio between size of largest and smallest chromosomes in a set

A

Degree of asymmetry

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14
Q

The reagent that induces mitotic activity

A

Phytohemagglutin (PHA)

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15
Q

Arrests the cell cycle at metaphase stage

A

Colcemic (colchicine)

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16
Q

A part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from its adjacent segments by appearing darker or lighter

A

Band

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17
Q

A process where DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly together

A

Methylation

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18
Q

A process which results in loose packing of nucleosomes

A

Histone acetylation

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19
Q

5 major steps in karyotypimg

A
  1. Short term lymphocyte culture
  2. Harvesting of lymphocyte
  3. Fixing the cells
  4. Making the chromosome slides
  5. Slide analysis
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20
Q

In the short term lymphocyte culture, the cells must be in ___ phase because splitting of a cell line __ days before harvesting, and changing the medium __ day before harvesting, stimulates cell ___ significantly

A

Logarithmic
2
1
Proliferation

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21
Q

In the harvesting of lymphocytes, addition of pre-warmed ___ (also known as ___), is done into the culture which is incubated for ___ mins

A

Colcemid
Colchicine
15

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22
Q

In the harvesting of lymphocytes, optimal exposure time to colcemid requires a balance between ____ ____ ___ of cells and ___ of colcemid

A

proliferative activity index
concentration

23
Q

In the harvesting of lymphocyte, the tube must be centrifuged at ___ RPM for __ mins and the cell pellet should be resuspended in warm ___ solution (can be ___ or ___ ___) and should be incubated at ___ (temperature) for ___ mins

A

Hypotonic
KCl
Sodium citrate
room temp
15

24
Q

In the harvesting of lymphocytes, additional modifications that allow enrichment of long (prometaphase) chromosomes is by using ___ __ or ___ ___ (added before harvesting), or ___ (__), added before colcemid treatment

A

Actonimycin D
Ethidium bromide
Bromodeoxyuridine
BrdU

25
In fixing the cells, the cell suspension in ___ state will be centrifuged for ___ RPM for __ mins
Hypotonic 1200 5
26
In fixing the cells, the cell pellet should be treated with fixative solution. What is the component for this solution? Otherwise called as?
Absolute methanol : Glacial Acetic acid in 3:1 ratio Carnoy's fixative
27
The process of fixing the cells will be repeated for how many times? What is the temperature of incubation and for how many minutes?
3 times 4 degrees Celsius 10
28
In making the chromosome slides, how many cold slides should be layered next to each other in a paper towel?
5-6
29
In making the chromosome slide, how many drops of the sample should be dropped onto each slide?
2-3
30
In making the chromosome slide, what banding will be stained?
GTG-banding
31
In slide analysis, the slides that will be chosen for analysis and visualization must be: 1. Properly ___ chromosomes 2. Clearly defined ___ spreading
Trypsinized Metaphase
32
Banding technique in 1958 by Caperson et al.
Quinacrine
33
Banding technique in 1971 by Summer et al.
Giemsa
34
Banding technique in 1973 by Matsui & Sasaki
NOR
35
Banding technique in 1978 by Linde & Laurse
Centromeric
36
Identify the banding type: Giemsa stain AT-rich regions stain darker than GC-rich regions
G-Banding
37
Identify the banding type: Quinacrine fluorescent dye stains AT-rich regions
Q-banding
38
Identify the banding type: Banding pattern is opposite G-banding
R-banding
39
Identify the banding type: Stains heterochromatic regions close to the centromere
C-banding
40
Identify the banding type: Usually stains the entire long arm of the Y chromosome
C-banding
41
Identify the banding type: Simple and Versatile Used where G band is not accepted Used in study of chromosome heteromorphism
Q-banding
42
Identify the banding type: Has a tendency to fade during examination Photo-degradation
Q-banding
43
Identify the banding type: Chromopore absorb light of a particular wavelength due to a chemical bond formed between dye and light
Q-banding
44
Identify the banding type: UV light breaks the chemical bond
Q-banding
45
Identify the banding type: Used in identification of bands rich in Sulfur content
G-banding
46
Identify the banding type: Used in the identification of chromosomal abnormalities and in Gene mapping
G-banding
47
Identify the banding type: Not used in plants
G-banding
48
Identify the banding type: Used in the identification of nucleolar organize region
N-banding
49
Identify the banding type: Superior banding pattern for plants
N-banding
50
Identify the banding type: Identification of chromosomes particularly in insects and plants
C-banding
51
Identify the banding type: Identification of bivalents at diakineses using both centromere position
C-banding
52
Identify the banding type: For paternity testing and gene mapping
C-banding
53
In ISHCN, the lowest number is given to the one ___ (proximal/distal) to the centromere, while the highest number is at the ___ (proximal/distal) to centromere
Proximal Distal

CTGN Finals (6 decks)

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