Karim

Answer 1

Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Septic

Question 2

3 causes of erythema nodosum

Answer 2

Sarcoidosis
Sulphonamides
Salicilates
Streps
TB/leprosy
IBD

Question 3

Erythema nodsum appearance

Answer 3

Painful red lesions

Question 4

Target lesions are

Answer 4

Erythema multiforme after HSV, mycoplasma pneumoniae,
Minor form of steven johnson syndromes

Question 5

Erythema ab igne

Answer 5

Brown pigmentary discoloration, caused by chronic heat over the skin e.g. malignancy

Question 6

Diabetic retinopathy - background

Answer 6

venodilation
microaneurysms
hard exudates

Question 7

Pre-proliferative retinopathy

Answer 7

cotton wool spots (soft exudates) = ischemia

Question 8

Proliferative retinopathy

Question 9

Hypertensive retinopathy grading

Answer 9

Grade 1 - anterior narrowing and silver wiring
Grade 2 - AV nipping
Grade 3 - flame shaped haemorrhages and cotton wool spots
Grade 4 - papilloedema

Question 10

arteries versus

Answer 10

arteries = thicker and darker
veins = brighter

Question 11

Papill

Answer 11

Grid photocoagulation

Question 12

Papilledema causes

Answer 12

SOL
Brain tumour
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Bleeding

Question 13

Central retinal artery occlusion, cherry spots

Answer 13

Giant cell arteritis

Question 14

Central retinal vein occulsion

Question 15

graves treatment

Answer 15

carbimazole
surgical
radioiodine

Question 16

features of thyrotoxicosis

Answer 16

weight loss

Question 17

Features of graves

Answer 17

Exopthalmos
Pretibial myxoedema
Smooth goitre
Hyperthyroidism

Question 18

Plummer Syndrome

Answer 18

multinodular toxic goitre

Question 19

Acromegaly cause

Question 20

why do you get abdominal striae in cushings

Answer 20

protein not made to fill in gaps of fat so it rips

Question 21

paget’s disease - hearing loss types

Answer 21

conductive and/or sensorineural loss

Question 23

meningitis mx

Answer 23

benpen

Question 24

what organisms can cause meningitis?

Answer 24

Meningococcus
Neisseria meningitis
Strep pneumoniae
H influenza
Listeria monocytogenes - unpasteurised cheese

Answer 25

Black = CSF
White = blood

Answer 26

Nimodipine - brain specific calcium antagonist

Answer 27

Mannitol - for raised ICP to pull fluid out - immediately before operation e.g. in obstructive hydrocephalus

Dexamethasone - in cancer,

Question 28

What causes a chronic bilateral subdural haematoma?

Answer 28

Elderly
Alcoholic
Apparent dementia
Headache
Bradycardia
Can occur acutely following trauma

Question 29

Horner’s syndrome

Answer 29

Ptosis
Constriction - miosis
Facial

Question 30

Upper motor neuron

Answer 30

Stroke
MS

Question 31

LMN

Answer 31

Myasthenia gravis
Cauda equina
GBS
Lambert eaton
Diabetics
B12/folate
Alcohol
Trauma

Question 32

Polio

Answer 32

pure

Question 33

ALS

Answer 33

upper and motor but no sensory signs

Question 34

key features of parkinsons

Answer 34

tremor
Bradycardia
rigidity

Question 35

Pt one eye lid closed

Answer 35

CN3 palsy
Pupil sparing = medical - diabetes
Pupil not responding to light = posterior communicating artery aneurysm - needs to be clicked

Question 36

Ceberellar signs

Answer 36

DANISH
Dysdiadochokinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Scanning speech
Hypotonia

Question 37

Expressive aphasia and right sided weakness

Question 38

MS has what type of nystagmus

Answer 38

horizontal

Question 39

MS CSF findings

Answer 39

CSF - raised protein with oligoclonal bands

Answer 40

RAPD