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MCAT Review > Kaplan — Physics & Math > Flashcards

Kaplan — Physics & Math Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Fluid

A

Have ability to flow and conform to the shapes of their containers

Both liquids and gases

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2
Q

Solid

A

Does not flow and is rigid enough to retain a shape independent of their containers

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3
Q

Density

A

Ratio of mass to volume

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4
Q

Specific gravity

A

Density of a substance over the density of water (1 g/cm^3)

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5
Q

Pressure

A

Ratio of force per unit area

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6
Q

Absolute (hydrostatic) pressure

A

Total pressure that is exerted on an object that is submerged in a fluid

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7
Q

Absolute pressure formula

A

P = P_0 + rho x g x z

P_0 → incident or ambient pressure (pressure @ the surface)
Rho → density
g → gravitational acceleration
z → depth of object

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8
Q

Gauge pressure

A

Difference between the absolute pressure and the atmospheric pressure

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9
Q

Hydrostatics

A

Study of fluids at rest and forces & pressures associated with standing fluids

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10
Q

Pascal’s principle

A

For incompressible fluids, a change in pressure will be transmitted undiminished to every portion fo the fluid and to the walls of the containing vessel

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11
Q

Hydraulic system relationships

A

If pressure is the same:
F_2 = A_2 * F_1 / A_1
F_1 * d_1 = F_2 * d_2

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12
Q

Archimedes’ principle

A

F_buoy = rho_fluid * V_fluid displaced * g = rho_fluid * V_fluid submerged * g

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13
Q

Surface tension

A

Causes the liquid to form a thin but strong layer like “skin” at liquid’s surface

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14
Q

Cohesion

A

Attractive force that a molecule feels toward other molecules of the same liquid

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15
Q

Adhesion

A

Attractive force that a molecule of the liquid feels toward the molecules of some other substance

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16
Q

Meniscus

A

Curved surface in which liquid “crawls” up the side of the container a small amount

Adhesion > cohesion

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17
Q

Convex meniscus

A

Inverted form of meniscus

Adhesion < cohesion

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18
Q

Fluid dynamics

A

Study of fluids in motion

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19
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance of fluid to flow

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20
Q

Viscous drag

A

Non-conservative force that is analogous to air resistance

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21
Q

Inviscid

A

Fluids with no viscosity

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22
Q

Laminar flow

A

Smooth orderly flow

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23
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

Q = pi * r^4 * delta P / (8 * eta * L)

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24
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Rough and disorderly

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25
Q

Eddies

A

Swirls of fluid of varying sizes occurring typically on the downstream side of an obstacle

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26
Q

Critical speed

A

Turbulence can arise when the speed of the fluid exceeds a certain speed

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27
Q

Boundary layer

A

Thin layer of fluid where laminar flow occurs

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28
Q

Critical speed equation

A

v_c = N_r * eta / (rho * D)

N_r → Reynolds number
eta → viscosity
rho → density
D → tube diameter

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29
Q

Reynolds number

A

Depends on factors such as the size, shape, surface roughness of any objects within the fluids

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30
Q

Streamlines

A

Representation of the molecular movement

Velocity will always be tangential to streamlines

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31
Q

Continuity equation

A

Q = v_1 * A_1 = v_2 * A_2

32
Q

Bernoulli’s equation

A

P_1 + 0.5 * rho * v_1 ^ 2 + rho * g * h_1 = P_2 + 0.5 * rho * v_2 ^ 2 + rho * g * h_2

33
Q

Dynamic pressure

A

Pressure associated with the movement of a fluid

Example: 0.5 * rho * v^2

34
Q

Energy density

A

Pressure can be thought of as a ratio of energy per cubic meter

35
Q

Temperature

A

Proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up the substance

Difference in temperature between two objects that determines the direction of heat flow

36
Q

Heat

A

Transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object with higher temperature (energy) to a colder object with lower temperature (energy)

37
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

If no net heat flows between two objects in thermal contact

38
Q

Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion

A

F = 1.8 x C + 32

39
Q

Celsius-Kelvin conversion

A

K = C + 273

40
Q

Absolute zero

A

Theoretical temperature at which there is no thermal energy

41
Q

Third law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero

42
Q

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

A

If A = B and B = C, then A = C

43
Q

System

A

Portion of the universe that we are interested in observing or manipulating

44
Q

Surroundings

A

Rest of the universe

45
Q

Isolated systems

A

Not capable of exchanging energy or matter with their surroundings

Total change in internal energy is zero

46
Q

Closed systems

A

Capable of exchanging energy but not matter

47
Q

Open systems

A

Exchange both matter and energy with the environment

48
Q

State functions

A

Thermodynamic properties that are a function of only the current equilibrium state of a system

Independent of the path taken to get to a particular state

49
Q

Process functions

A

Path taken to get from one state to another

50
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

An increase in total energy of a system is caused by transferring heat into the system or performing work on the system

U = Q - W

51
Q

(+) change in internal energy

A

Increasing temperature

52
Q

(-) change in internal energy

A

Decreasing temperature

53
Q

(+) heat

A

Heat flows into the system

54
Q

(-) heat

A

Heat flows out of the system

55
Q

(+) work

A

Work is done by the system (expansion)

56
Q

(-) work

A

Work is done on the system (compression)

57
Q

Universal law of energy conservation

A

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another

58
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Objects in thermal contact and not in thermal equilibrium will exchange heat energy such that the object with a higher temperature will give off heat energy to the object with a lower temperature until both objects have the same temperature at thermal equilibrium

59
Q

Heat

A

Process by which a quantity of energy is transferred between two objects as a result of a difference in temperature

60
Q

Conduction

A

Direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions — requires direct contact

61
Q

Convection

A

Transfer of heat by physical motion of a fluid over a material

Involves flow — only gases and liquids can transfer heat by this means

62
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves

63
Q

Specific heat (c)

A

Amount of heat energy required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius

64
Q

Freezing

A

Change from liquid to solid

At melting point

65
Q

Melting

A

Change from solid to liquid

At melting point

66
Q

Boiling

A

Change from liquid to gas

At boiling point

67
Q

Condensation

A

Change from gas to liquid

At boiling point

68
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Heat of transformation for boiling and condensation

69
Q

Heat of fusion

A

Heat of transformation for freezing and melting

70
Q

Isothermal process

A

Constant temperature — no change in internal energy

Q = W

71
Q

Adiabatic process

A

No heat exchange

Delta U = -W

72
Q

Isobaric process

A

Constant pressure

73
Q

Isovolumetric (isochoric) process

A

No change in volume, no work accomplished

Delta U = Q

74
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temperature — how much energy is spread out or how widely spread out energy becomes in a process

75
Q

Second law in terms of entropy

A

Delta S universe = delta S system + delta S surroundings > 0

76
Q

Entropy & microstates

A

As the number of available microstates increases, the potential energy of a molecule is distributed over that larger number of microstates, increasing entropy

MCAT Review (7 decks)

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