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SAT Bio > Kaplan Glossary (vocab) > Flashcards

Kaplan Glossary (vocab) Flashcards

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SAT® Prep flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the production of a number of different species from a single ancestral species

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2
Q

ADH

A

a hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidney

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3
Q

adipose

A

fatty tissue, fat-storing tissue, or fat within cells

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4
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer part of the adrenal gland that secretes many hormones, including cortisone and aldosterone

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5
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

an “emergency” hormone stimulates by anger or fear, increases blood pressure and heart Rae in order to supply the emergency needs of the muscles

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6
Q

ACTH

A

secreted by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its characteristic hormones

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7
Q

aldosterone

A

hormone active in osmoregulation; a mineral corticoid produced by the adrenal cortex; stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+

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8
Q

allantois

A

the extra-embryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals that serves as an area of gaseous exchange and as a site for the storage of noxious exertion products

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9
Q

amnion

A

the extra-embryonic membranes in birds, reptiles, and mammals that surrounds the embryo, forming an amniotic sac

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10
Q

androgen

A

a male sex hormone (ie testosterone)

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11
Q

angiosperm

A

a flowering plant that produces seeds included in an ovary and is characterized by the presence of fruits and flowers

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12
Q

Annelida

A

the phylum to which segmented worms belong

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13
Q

anther

A

the part of the male reproductive organ (the stamen) that produces and stores pollen

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14
Q

antibody

A

globular proteins produced by B cells that destroy or inactivate antigens

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15
Q

acetylcholine

A

a transmitter substance released from the axons of nerve cells at the synapse

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16
Q

aortic arch

A

blood vessel located between ascending and descending aortas that delivers blood to most of upper body

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17
Q

appendage

A

a structure that extends from the trunk of an organism and is capable of active movements

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18
Q

aqueous humor

A

fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens

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19
Q

Arachnida

A

a class of arthropods that includes scorpions, spiders, mites, and ticks

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20
Q

artery

A

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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21
Q

Arthropoda

A

the phylum to which jointed legged invertebrates belong, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans

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22
Q

assimilation

A

the conversion of digested foods and other materials into forms usable by the body (i.e. the conversion of amino acids into proteins)

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23
Q

atrium

A

the thin-walled superior chamber of the heart

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24
Q

autolysis

A

self-digestion occurring in plant and animal tissues, particularly after they have ceased to function properly

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25
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary muscles, such as the walls of the alimentary canal; includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

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26
Q

autosome

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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27
Q

bacillus

A

bacteria that are rod-shaped

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28
Q

bile salts

A

compounds in bile that aid in emulsification

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29
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction; in this process, the parent organism splits into two equal daughter cells

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30
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

the system of naming an organism by its genus and species names

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31
Q

blastula

A

a stage of embryonic development in which the embryo consists of a hollow ball of cells

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32
Q

bud

A

in plants, an area of undifferentiated tissue covered by embryonic leaves

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33
Q

budding

A

a process of asexual reproduction in which the offspring develop from an outgrowth of the plant or animal

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34
Q

buffer

A

a substance that prevents appreciable changes in pH in solutions to which small quantities of acids or bases are added

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35
Q

calorie

A

a unit of heat; the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade

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36
Q

cambium

A

undifferentiated tissue in the stem of a plant that aids growth in width

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37
Q

carapace

A

a bony or chitinous case or shield covering the back or part of the back of an animal (e.g. the shell of a crab)

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38
Q

carotene

A

an orange plant pigment that is the precursor of vitamin A

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39
Q

cation

A

an ion with a positive charge, or an ion that migrates toward the cathode (negative electrode) in an electric field

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40
Q

cell wall plate

A

in mitosis of higher plants, the structure that forms between the divided nuclei of the two daughter cells and eventually becomes the cell wall

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41
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

encompasses the brain and the spinal cord

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42
Q

centriole

A

the small granular body within the centrosome to which the spindle fibers attach

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43
Q

centromere

A

the place of attachment of the mitotic fiber to the chromosome

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44
Q

centrosome

A

a structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop

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45
Q

cephalic

A

pertaining to the head

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46
Q

cerebellum

A

the hindbrain region that controls equilibrium and motor coordination

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47
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest portion of the human brain; it is believed to be the center of intelligence and conscious thought

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48
Q

chemosynthesis

A

the process by which carbohydrates are formed through chemical energy; found in bacteria

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49
Q

chemotropism

A

the orientation of cells or organisms in relation to chemical stimuli; the growth or movement responsible of organisms to chemical stimuli

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50
Q

chitin

A

a white or colorless, amorphous, horny substance that forms part of the outer integument of insects, crustaceans, and some other invertebrates; it occurs in certain fungi

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51
Q

chlorophyll

A

a green pigment that performs essential functions as an electron donor and light entrapper in photosynthesis

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52
Q

Chordata

A

an animal phylum in which all members have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits at some embryonic stage

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53
Q

chorion

A

the outermost, extra-embryonic membrane of reptiles and birds

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54
Q

chyme

A

partially digested food in the stomach

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55
Q

circadian rhythms

A

daily cycles of behavior

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56
Q

cleavage

A

the division of animal cell cytoplasm caused by the pinching in of the cell membrane

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57
Q

climax community

A

the stable, biotic part of the ecosystem in which populations exist in balance with each other and with the environment

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58
Q

cloaca

A

the chamber in the alimentary canal of certain vertebrates located below the large intestine, into which the ureter and reproductive organs empty (as in frogs)

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59
Q

cochlea

A

the sensory organ of the inner ear of mammals; it is coiled and contains the organ of Corti

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60
Q

codominant

A

the state in which two genetic traits are fully expressed and neither dominates

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61
Q

Cnidarias

A

an invertebrate animal phylum in which animals possess a single alimentary opening and tentacles with stinging cells; examples are jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydra

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62
Q

coelom

A

the space between the mesodermal layers that forms the body cavity of some animal phyla

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63
Q

coenzyme

A

an organic cofactor required for enzyme activity

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64
Q

conditioning

A

the association of a physical, visceral response with an environmental stimulus with which is not naturally associated; a learned response

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65
Q

cone

A

a cell in the retina that is sensitive to colors and is responsible for color vision

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66
Q

contractile vacuole

A

a specialized structure that controls osmotic pressure by removing water from the cell; exists in protozoans

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67
Q

cornea

A

the outer, transparent layer of the eye

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68
Q

corpus callosum

A

a tract of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

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69
Q

corpus luteum

A

a remnant of the follicle after ovulation that secretes the hormone progesterone

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70
Q

cortisone

A

a hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex

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71
Q

cotyledon

A

a “seed leaf”; responsible for food storage in a plant embryo

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72
Q

cretinism

A

a thyroid deficiency that results in stunted growth and mental disabilities

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73
Q

cuticle

A

a waxy protective layer secreted by the outer surface of plants and insects

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74
Q

cytochrome

A

a hydrogen carrier containing iron that functions in many cellular processes, including respiration

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75
Q

deamination

A

the removal of an amino group from an organism, particularly from an amino acid

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76
Q

deme

A

a small, local population

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77
Q

diastole

A

dilation of the cavities of the heart that allows to fill with blood; followed by systole (contraction)

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78
Q

diencephalon

A

the hind portion of the forebrain of vertebrates

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79
Q

differentiation

A

a progressive change from which a permanently more mature or advanced state results; for example, a relatively unspecialized cell’s development into a more specialized one

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80
Q

dimorphism

A

the instance of polymorphism in which there is a difference of form between two members of species, as between males and females

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81
Q

disjunction

A

the separation of homologous paris of chromosomes following meiotic synapse

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82
Q

dorsal root

A

the sensory branch of each spinal nerve

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83
Q

embolus

A

a blood clot that is formed within a blood vessel

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84
Q

emulsion

A

a colloidal system involving the dispersion of a liquid within a liquid

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85
Q

endemic

A

pertaining to a restricted locality; ecologically, occurring only in one particular region

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86
Q

endocrine gland

A

a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

87
Q

endocytosis

A

a process by which the cell membrane is invaginated to form a vesicle that contains extracellular medium

88
Q

endoplasm

A

the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell or the portion that surrounds the nucleus

89
Q

endosperm

A

the triploid tissue in some seeds that contains stored food and is formed by the union of one sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the female’s gametophyte

90
Q

epicotyl

A

the portion of seed plant embryo above the cotyledon

91
Q

epithelium

A

the cellular layer that covers external and internal surfaces

92
Q

epiphyte

A

a plant that lives on another plant commensalistically

93
Q

estrogen

A

a female sex hormone secreted by the follicle

94
Q

eustachian tube

A

an air duct from the middle ear to the throat that equalizes external and internal air pressure

95
Q

exocytosis

A

a process by which a vesicle in the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside

96
Q

fallopian tube

A

the mammalian oviduct that leads from the ovaries to the uterus

97
Q

feedback mechanism

A

the process by which a certain function is regulated by the amount of the substance it produces

98
Q

femur

A

the thigh bone of vertebrates

99
Q

fibrin

A

protein threads that form in the blood during clotting

100
Q

follicle

A

the sac in the ovary in which the egg develops

101
Q

FSH

A

a hormone released by the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the follicles in females and the function of the seminiferous tubules in males

102
Q

food vacuole

A

a vacuole in the cytoplasm in which digestion takes place (in protozoans)

103
Q

gallbladder

A

an organ that stores bile

104
Q

gametophyte

A

the haploid, sexual stage in the life cycle of plants

105
Q

ganglion

A

a grouping of neuron cell bodies that acts as a coordinating center

106
Q

gastrula

A

a stage of embryonic development characterized by the differentiation of cells into the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers and by the formation of the archenteron; can be two layer or three layer

107
Q

geotropism

A

any movement or growth of a living organism in response to the force of gravity

108
Q

germ cell

A

a reproductive cell

109
Q

germ layer

A

one of the primary tissues of the embryo

110
Q

glycogen

A

a starch form in animals; glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver

111
Q

goiter

A

an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine

112
Q

gonads

A

the reproductive organ that produces sex cells

113
Q

Graafian follicle

A

the cavity in the mammalian ovary in which the egg ripens

114
Q

gymnosperm

A

a plant that belongs to the class of seed plants in which the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary; includes the conifers

115
Q

hepatic portal system

A

the veins that carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver

116
Q

humerus

A

a bone of the upper arm

117
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

fluid skeleton of annelids

118
Q

hypocotyl

A

the portion of the embryonic seed plant below the point of attachment of the cotyledon; forms the root

119
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a “critical period” of its growth are accepted as a permanent element of its behavior

120
Q

incomplete dominance

A

genetic blending; each allele exerts some influence on the phenotype

121
Q

inner ear

A

a fluid-filled sensory apparatus that aids in balance and hearing

122
Q

insulin

A

a hormone produced by the pancreas; regulates blood sugar concentration by converting glucose to glycogen

123
Q

integument

A

refers to protective covering, such as the covering of an ovule that develops into the seed coat, or to an animal’s skin

124
Q

interstitial cells

A

cells that produce sex hormones

125
Q

irritability

A

the ability to respond to a stimulus

126
Q

lactase

A

the enzyme that acts upon lactose

127
Q

lacteal

A

a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids

128
Q

larva

A

a period in the development of animals between the embryo and adult stages; starts at hatching and ends at metamorphosis

129
Q

lichen

A

an association between an algae and a fungus that is symbiotic and mutualistic in nature

130
Q

linkage

A

occurs when different traits are inherited together more often that they would have been by chance alone; it is assumed that these traits are linked (near each other) on the same chromosome

131
Q

lipase

A

a fat-digesting enzyme

132
Q

littoral zone

A

a marine biome; a region on the continental shelf that contains an ocean area with depths of up to 600ft

133
Q

LH

A

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; also stimulates the secretion of sex hormones by the testes

134
Q

macula

A

a sensory hair structure in the utriculus and the sacculus of the inner ear; orients the head with respect to gravity

135
Q

malleus (hammer)

A

the outermost bone of the middle ear

136
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

tubules that excrete metabolic wastes into the hind gut in arthropods

137
Q

maltase

A

an enzyme that acts upon maltose and converts it into glucose

138
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the posterior part of the brain that controls the rate of breathing and other autonomic functions

139
Q

meninges

A

three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord

140
Q

meristem

A

an undifferentiated, growing region of a plant that is constantly undergoing cell division and differentiation

141
Q

morula

A

the solid ball of cells that results from cleavage of an egg; precedes the blastula stage

142
Q

mucosa

A

a mucus-secreting membrane, such as the inner intestinal lining

143
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of nerve axons

144
Q

nictitating membrane

A

a thin, transparent, eyelid-like membrane that opens and closes laterally across the cornea of many vertebrates (the “third eyelid”)

145
Q

nucleolus

A

a dark-staining small body within the nucleus; manufactures RNA

146
Q

oviduct

A

a tube connecting the ovaries and the uterus

147
Q

oxidation

A

the removal of hydrogen or electrons from a compound or addition of oxygen

148
Q

pairing (synapsis)

A

an association of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division

149
Q

parasympathetic

A

pertaining to a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system of vertebrates

150
Q

parenchyma

A

plant tissue consisting of large, thin walled cells for storage

151
Q

parthenogenesis

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which the egg develops in the absence of sperm

152
Q

pelagic zone

A

a marine biome typical of the open seas

153
Q

pepsin

A

a stomach enzyme that partially digests proteins

154
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

comprises somatic and autonomic nervous system; consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

155
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of contraction and relaxation passing along a tubular structure, such as the digestive tube

156
Q

pheromone

A

substance secreted by organisms that influences the behavior of other members of the same species

157
Q

phloem

A

the vascular tissue of a plant that transports organic materials (photosynthetic products) from the leaves to other parts of the plant

158
Q

photolysis

A

a process of photosynthesis in which whiter is split into H+ and OH-; the hydrogen ion is then jointed to NADP

159
Q

pinocytosis

A

the intake of fluid droplets into a cell

160
Q

pistil

A

the part of the flower that bears the female gametophyte

161
Q

pith

A

the central tissue of a stem, used for food storage

162
Q

placenta

A

a structure formed by the wall of the uterus and the chorion of the embryo; serves as the area in which the embryo obtains nutrients from the parent

163
Q

planaria

A

a class of free-living flatworms

164
Q

plexus

A

a network, particularly of nerves or blood vessels

165
Q

polymorphism

A

the individual differences of form among the members of a species

166
Q

Porifera

A

the phylum of sponges

167
Q

progesterone

A

hormone whose function is to maintain the endometrium

168
Q

Protista

A

a kingdom of unicellular living organisms that are neither animals nor plants; includes some groups of algae, slime molds, and protozoa

169
Q

ptyalin

A

a digestive enzyme of the saliva that turns starch into maltose (salivary amylase)

170
Q

purine

A

adenine or guanine

171
Q

pyrimidine

A

cytosine, thymine, or uracil

172
Q

pyloric valve

A

a muscular valve regulating the flow of food from the stomach to the small intestine

173
Q

rhodopsin

A

the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity

174
Q

rickettsia

A

a kind of microorganism that is between a virus and a bacterium; parasitic within the cells of insects and ticks

175
Q

rod

A

a cell in the retina that is sensitive to weak light

176
Q

saprophyte

A

an organism that obtains its nutrients from dead organisms

177
Q

secondary tissue

A

tissue formed by the differentiation of cambium that causes a growth in width of a plant stem

178
Q

semicircular canals

A

fluid-filled structures in the inner ear that are associated with the sense of balance

179
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

structures in the testes that produce sperm and semen

180
Q

sensory neuron

A

a neuron that picks up impulses from receptors and transmits them to the spinal cord

181
Q

sere

A

a series of ecological communities formed in ecological succession

182
Q

sinus

A

a space in the body

183
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell that is not a reproductive cell

184
Q

spiracle

A

the external opening of the trachea in insects, opening into the respiratory system

185
Q

spore

A

a reproductive cell that is capable of developing directly into a haploid organism

186
Q

sporophyte

A

an organism that produces spores; a phase that alternates with the gametophyte phase

187
Q

stamen

A

the part of the flower that produces pollen

188
Q

steroid

A

one of the classes of organic compounds; includes cholesterol, sex hormones, ACTH, and vitamin D

189
Q

stigma

A

the uppermost portion of the pistil upon which pollen grains alight

190
Q

style

A

a stalklike or elongated body part, usually pointed at one end; part of the pistil of the flower

191
Q

substrate

A

a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme

192
Q

sucrase

A

an enzyme that acts upon sucrose

193
Q

sympathetic

A

pertaining to a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system

194
Q

synapsis

A

the paring of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

195
Q

systol

A

the contraction of the atria or ventricles of the heart

196
Q

taiga

A

a terrestrial habitat zone that is characterized by large tracts of coniferous forests, long and cold winters, and short summers; bounded by tundra in the north an found particularly in Canada, northern Europe, and Siberia

197
Q

tetrad

A

a pair of chromosome pairs present during the first metaphase of mitosis

198
Q

thrombin

A

a substance that participates in clotting of blood in vertebrates; formed from prothrombin; it converts fibrinogen into fibrin

199
Q

thrombokinase

A

the enzyme released from the blood platelets in vertebrates during clotting

200
Q

thymus

A

a ductless gland in the upper chest region; concerned with immunity and the maturation of lymphocytes

201
Q

thyroxine

A

a hormone of the thyroid; regulates basal metabolism

202
Q

trilobite

A

a marine arthropod, now extinct, that lived during the Paleozoic era

203
Q

trypsin

A

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine

204
Q

tundra

A

the biome characterized by a short growing season, no trees, and frozen ground

205
Q

turgor pressure

A

the pressure exerted by the contents of a cell against the cell membrane or cell wall

206
Q

ungulate

A

a hoofed animal

207
Q

ureter

A

a duct that carries urine from the kidneys into the bladder

208
Q

uterus

A

an organ in which the fetus develops

209
Q

vein

A

a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from the capillaries

210
Q

ventral root

A

a basal branch of each spinal nerve; carries axons of motor neurons

211
Q

ventricle

A

a more muscular chamber of the heart that pump blood to the lungs an to the rest of the body

212
Q

xylem

A

vascular tissue of the plant that aids in support and carries water

213
Q

yolk sac

A

a specialized structure that leads to the digestive tract of a developing organism and provides it with food during the early development

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