Kapitel 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Of tumors: self-limiting in growth - and noninvasive.

A

benign

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2
Q

Rare cancer cells capable of dividing indefinitely.

A

cancer stem cells

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3
Q

Genes whose alteration contributes to the causation or evolution of cancer by driving tumorigenesis.

A

cancer-critical genes

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4
Q

The generation of cancer.

A

carcinogenesis

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5
Q

Cancer of epithelial cells. The most common form of human cancer.

A

carcinoma

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6
Q

Disparate chemicals that are carcinogenic—due to the ability to cause mutations—when fed to experimental animals or painted repeatedly on their skin.

A

chemical carcinogens

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7
Q

Cancer arising from the epithelium lining the colon (the large intestine) and rectum (the terminal segment of the gut).

A

colorectal cancer

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8
Q

General term for a variety of different DNA viruses that can cause tumors.

A

DNA tumor virus

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9
Q

Mutations that are causal factors in the development of cancer.

A

drivers

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10
Q

Abnormally increased spontaneous mutation rate - such as occurs in cancer cells.

A

genetic instability

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11
Q

Human papillomavirus; infects the cervical epithelium and is important as a cause of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

A

HPV

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12
Q

Cancer of white blood cells.

A

leukemia

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13
Q

Cancer of lymphocytes - in which the cancer cells are mainly found in lymphoid organs (rather than in the blood - as in leukemias).

A

lymphoma

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14
Q

Of tumors and tumor cells: invasive and/or able to undergo metastasis. A malignant tumor is a cancer. (Figure 20–3)

A

malignant

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15
Q

Secondary tumors - at sites in the body additional to that of the primary tumor - resulting from cancer cells breaking loose - entering blood or lymphatic vessels - and colonizing separate environments.

A

metastases

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16
Q

The spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body. (Figures 20–1 and 20–16)

A

metastasis

17
Q

An observed phenomenon in which cells exposed to one anticancer drug evolve a resistance not only to that drug - but also to other drugs to which they have never been exposed.

A

multidrug resistance

18
Q

An altered gene whose product can act in a dominant fashion to help make a cell cancerous. Typically - an oncogene is a mutant form of a normal gene (proto-oncogene) involved in the control of cell growth or division. (Figure 20–17)

A

oncogene

19
Q

Class of viruses responsible for human warts and a prime example of DNA tumor viruses - being a cause of cancer of the uterine cervix.

A

papillomaviruses

20
Q

Mutations that have occurred in the same cell as driver mutations - but which are irrelevant to the development of the cancer.

A

passengers

21
Q

Tumor at the original site at which a cancer first arose. Secondary tumors develop elsewhere by metastasis.

A

primary tumor

22
Q

Normal gene - usually concerned with the regulation of cell proliferation - that can be converted into a cancer-promoting oncogene by mutation.

A

proto-oncogene

23
Q

A small family of proto-oncogenes that are frequently mutated in cancers - each of which produces a Ras monomeric GTPase.

A

Ras

24
Q

The gene that is defective in both copies in individuals with retinoblastoma; its protein product plays a central role in cell-cycle control.

A

Rb gene

25
Q

Phenomenon observed in primary cell cultures in which cell proliferation slows down and finally irreversibly halts.

A

replicative cell senescence

26
Q

A rare type of human cancer arising from cells in the retina of the eye that are converted to a cancerous state by an unusually small number of mutations. Studies of retinoblastoma led to the discovery of the first tumor suppressor gene.

A

retinoblastoma

27
Q

Cancer of connective tissue.

A

sarcoma

28
Q

In cancer - one or more detectable abnormalities in the DNA sequence of tumor cells that distinguish them from the normal somatic cells surrounding the tumor.

A

somatic mutations

29
Q

A cell with an altered phenotype that behaves in many ways like a cancer cell (i.e. - unregulated proliferation - anchorage-independent growth in culture).

A

transformed

30
Q

Process by which an initial mildly disordered cell behavior gradually evolves into a full-blown cancer. (Figures 20–8 and 20–9)

A

tumor progression

31
Q

Gene that appears to help prevent formation of a cancer. Loss-of-function mutations in such genes favor the development of cancer. (Figure 20–17)

A

tumor suppressor gene

32
Q

Virus that can help make the cell it infects cancerous.

A

tumor virus