kapitel 13 thermodynamik og reaktionsmekanismer Flashcards
Adding reactions, the equilibrium constants are ….
multiplied
homolytic and heterolytic cleavage
which produces free radicals
bond broken each atom takes on one electron (free radicals)
bond broken one atom takes both electrons
what are particularily good at delocalising electrons and how are they stabilised
carbonyl and imine groups
assisted by general acid catalysis and metal ions such as Mg2+ or Mn2+
Good leaving groups utilised in metabolism
orthophosphate pi, ppi (pyrophosphate), SH (thioalchohols are also good leaving groups)
p-o bonds in pi-PO4 3-
they all share a double bond character
carbon can exist in how many oxidation states
5 oxidation states
oxygenases
when carbon is covalently bonded to O2
most cases that use ATP as energy sources come from …… and not …… reactions
group transfers and not hydrolysis
what does the equilibrium constant for the ATP hydrolysis reaction depend on
temperature, pressure and ionic strength
How are the products of ATP hydrolysis stabilised
some electrostatic repulsion is relieved
pi is stabilised by its resonance structure
ADP and Pi have a higher degree of solvation (hydration)
How are the products of the hydrolysis of esters and thioesters stabilised
by producing carboxylic acids which in turn can be ionised to form resonance structures
which type of esters releases more free energy
thioesters
ATP hydrolysis happens in cells but it’s normally associated with …..
cycling proteins between two different conformations
It is not the……… that releases free energy when hydrolysing ATP but………
breaking P-O but the stability of the products
phosphate compounds in terms of energy
low energy less negative than -25 kJ/mol
high energy more negative than -25 kJ/mol
