Kapitel 1 Flashcards
Explain Binary notation! Write the numbers 0-8 in binary notation
Binary notation is used extensively for encoded numeric data for computer storage. In 16 bits we can store any integer from 0 to 65535. 0000 - 0 0001 - 1 0010 - 2 0011 - 3 0100 - 4 0101 - 5 0110 - 6 0111 - 7 1000 - 8
What is MIDI?
Musical Instrument Digital Interface, By encoding directions for producing music on a synthesizer rather than encoding the sound itself, MIDI avoids the large storage requirements of the sampling technique. MIDI encodes what instrument is to play which note for what duration of time, which means that a clarinet playing the note D for two seconds can be encoding in three bytes rather than more than two million bits when sampled at a rate of 44,100 samples per second.
What is a flip-flop?
A flip-flop is a fundamental unit of computer memory. It is a circuit that produces an output value of 0 or 1, which remains constant until a pulse (a temporary change to a 1 that returns to 0) from another circuit causes it to shift to the other value.
Vilka är de fyra grundläggande booleska operationerna? Gör en sanningstabell över respektive operation!
AND, OR, XOR, NOT AND - 00 = 0, 01 = 0, 10=0, 11=1 OR - 00=0, 01=1, 10=1, 11=1 XOR - 00=0, 01=1, 10=1, 11=0 NOT - 0=1, 1=0
Förklara hur Two’s complement fungerar
Two's complement är ett bra sätt att spara negativa tal på, för att det går lätt att konvertera positiva heltal till deras motsvarande negativa tal. 0111 - 7 0110 - 6 0101 - 5 0100 - 4 0011 - 3 0010 - 2 0001 - 1 0000 - 0
För att skapa det negativa motsvarande talet så tittar man från höger och kopierar rakt av till och med den första ettan, och sedan inverterar man resten. Således:
0100 - 4
1100 - -4
Det är även så att om talet är ett negativt tal så har det en sign bit av 1, men om det är positivt en sign bit av 0.
What is RGB-Encoding and what is the alternative?
each pixel is represented as three color components – a red, a reen and a blue component. Corresponding to the three primary colors of light. One byte represents the intensity of each color component. Three bytes are required to represent a single pixel in the original image. An alternative is to use a brightness-componennt and two color componennts. The brightness component is called the pixels luminance, it is the sum of the red, green and blue components. The other two components called the blue chrominance and the red chrominance are determined by computing the difference between the pixel’s luminance and the amount of blue or red light, respectively, in the pixel. Together these three components contain the information required to reproduce the pixel
Explain the term Very Large-scale integration (VLSI)
VLSI allows millions of electrical components to be constructed on a wafer (called a chip) and is used to create miniature devices containing millions of flip flops along with their controlling circuitry, which in turn can be used to create an entire computer system on a single chip.
Förklara hur Excess notation fungerar
To establish an excess system we first select the pattern length to be used, then write down all the different bit patterns of that length in the order they would appear if we were counting in binary. Next, we observe that the first pattern with a 1 as its most significant bit appears approximately halfway through the list. We pick this pattern to represent zero; the patterns following this are used to represent 1,2 3 and thepatterns preceding it are used for -1, -2, -3 etc. Sign bits are reversed compared to two’s complement.
Om man räknar binärt som vanligt så finner vi att vi alltid får 8 mer än vad excess notation får. 16 mer om det är en bit till, etc.
How do we represent sound?
We sample the amplitude of the sound wave at regular intervals and revord the series of values obtained. We do this 44,100 times per second on todays musical CDs. The data obtained from each sample are represented in 16 bit (32 for stereo) which means that each second of music recorded in stereo requires more than a million bits.
