kapaliny a plyny Flashcards

1
Q

hydrostatika a aerostatika

A

studovani podminek rovnovahy kapalin a plynu

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2
Q

hydrodynamika

A

studovani zakonitosti pohybu

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3
Q

vlastnosti kapalin i plynu

A

nemaji staly tvar, tvar podle nadoby, daji se prelevat-jsou tekute

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4
Q

vlastnosti kapalin

A

maji staly objem, temer nestlacitelne, v klidu tvori vodorovnou hladinu

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5
Q

vlastnosti plynu

A

nemaji staly objem -> lehce stlacitelne, jsou rozpinave - vyplni cely objem

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6
Q

co je viskozita

A

vnitrni treni

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7
Q

idealni tekutiny

A

idealni plyn - dokonale tekuty, zcela stlacitelny
idealni kapalina - -||- , zcela nestlacitelna

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8
Q

co je kontinuum

A

tekutiny povazujeme za stale prostredi

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9
Q

vzorecek tlaku + na cem zavisi

A

p=F:S [Pa]
zavisi na stycne plose a sile kterou vyvola tlak

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10
Q

pascaluv zakon

A

tlak vyvolanyvnejsi silou v uzavrene nadobe je ve vsech mistech kapaliny stejny ( plati i pro plyny)

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11
Q

priklady hydraulickych a pneumatickych zarizeni

A

h.z. - brzdy, lis, zvedak, kleste
pz- buchary, kladivo, brzdy

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12
Q

kolikrat vetsi je obsah…..

+vzorecek

A

prurezu velkeho pistu, tolikrat je vetsi sila kterou pusobi kapalina na velky pist

F2:F1=s2:s1

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13
Q

vysledkem ceho je hydrostaticka tlakova sila a jeji znaceni

A

pusobeni tihove sily na vsechny castice kapaliny

Fh

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14
Q

Vzorecek hydrostaticke’ tlakove sily

A

Fh=Shró*g

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15
Q

hydrostaticky paradox

A

tlak v kapaline vyvolany hydrostatickou tlakovou tlakovpu silou -> hydrostaticky tlak

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16
Q

vzorecek hydrostatickeho tlaku

A

ph= hg

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17
Q

co jsou hladiny

A

mista o stejnem hydrostatickem tlaku

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18
Q

co je volna hladina

A

misto s nulovym hydrostatickym tlakem

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19
Q

u dna spojenych nadob je stejny

A

hydrostaticky tlak

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20
Q

kapaliny jsou v obou ramenech v rovnovaze pokud…

A

jsou hydrostaticke tlaky v miste rozhrani stejne

ro1:ro2=h2:h1

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21
Q

kolikrat ridsi je olej tolikrat….

A

vyssi ma sloupec

22
Q

hustota vody

A

1000 kg/m3

23
Q

na vsechny castice atmosfery pusobi Zeme tihovou silou, jak se ji rika a jak se vypocita

A

atmosfericka tlakova sila
Fa=pa*S

24
Q

2 informace k atmosferickemu tlaku

A

meni s casem
klesa s rostouci nadmorskou vyskou

25
Q

jak se vypocita atmosfericky tlak
normalni atmosfericky tlak

A

pa=ph (pa=h ro g)
pn=1013,25 hPa

26
Q

co se pouziva k mereni atmosferickeho tlaku

A

barometr, aneroid, barograf

27
Q

vzorecek vztlakove sily
na cem zavisi
na cem nezavisi

A

Fvz= V ro g
objem ponorene casti telesa, hustota kapaliny
hmost, tvar telesa, hloubka, hustota telesa

28
Q

cemu se rovna velikost Fvz

A

Fvz= V ro g
Fvz= m g
Fvz= FG

29
Q

archimeduv zakon

A

teleso ponorene do kapaliny je nadlehcovano vztlakovou silou, jejiz velikost je rovna tize kapaliny stejneho objemu jako je objem ponorene casti telesa

30
Q

Fg>Fvz

A

ROt>ROk
teleso klesa ke dnu

31
Q

Fg=Fvz

A

ROt=ROk
teleso se vznasi

32
Q

Fg<Fvz

A

ROt<ROk
teleso stoupa k hladine dokud se sily nevyrovnaji - rikame se teleso plave

33
Q

co stoupa ve vzduchu

A

balonky s heliem, vzducholode, meteorologicke balony

34
Q

co je ustalrne ( stacionarni) proudeni

A

stala rychlost kapalin v urcitem miste

35
Q

co je proudnice

A

myslena cara- tecna v libovolnem bode, ma dmer rychlosti
znazornuje trajektorie castic
nemohou se protinat

36
Q

co je proudnice

A

myslena cara- tecna v libovolnem bode, ma dmer rychlosti
znazornuje trajektorie castic
nemohou se protinat

37
Q

definuj idealni kapalinu

A

zcela nestlacitelna
dokonale tekuta (vynechavame vnitrni treni)

38
Q

vzorecek objemoveho prutoku

A

Qv=V:t [m3/s]

39
Q

rovnoce spojitosti toku

A

Q=S•v

40
Q

v uzsim prurezu trubice proudi kapalina vetsi/mensi rychlosti

A

vetsi
v1:v2=S2:S1

41
Q

bernoulliho rovnice

A

1/2 ro vnadruhou + p = konstantni

42
Q

bernoulliho rovnice=

A

zakon zachovani mechanicke energie pro proudici kapaliny

43
Q

kineticka energie proudici kapaliny

A

Ek=1/2 m vnadruhou

44
Q

potencialni energie proudici kapaliny

A

Ep=p V

45
Q

cemu je rovna potencialni energie proudici kapaliny

A

praci, kterou vylona sila F, jestlize posune pist o obsahu S o delku l

46
Q

bernoulliho rovnice pro trubici s 2 ruznymi prurezy

A

1/2ro v1nadruhou + p1=1/2ro v2nadruhou + p2

47
Q

hydrodynamicky paradox

A

v zuzene casti trubice ma kapalina vetsi rychlost ale mensi tlak
pri znacnem zuzeni muze tlak poklesnout az pod hodnotu atmosferickeho tlaku -> podtlak

48
Q

zakon zachovani mechanicke energie

A

Ek+Ep=konstantni
soucet se nemeni

49
Q

vyuziti podtlaku

A

vodni vyveva - slouzi k odcerpavani vzduchu z uzavreneho prostoru
aerodynamicky paradoxon - rozprasovac

50
Q

rychlost kapaliny, ktera vyteka otvorem v nadobe
- vzorecek
- z ceho odvodime

A

odvodime ze zakona zachovani mech. energie
v =odmocnina
o 2hg