Kahoot questions Flashcards
What is the innermost layer of the GI tract?
Mucosa
GI
What is the best test to detect gastroparesis?
Gastric emptying study
GI
What type of achalasia has associated with the worst outcomes?
Type 3
GI
What is the most effective nonsurgical tx for achalasia?
Pneumatic dilation
GI
Normal LES pressure is?
29 mmHg
GI
The descending colon and distal Gi tract are innervated by the:
hypogastric plexus
GI
Which of the following describes an independent nervous system, which controls motility, secretions and blood flow?
Enteric nervous system
GI
Which feature of the myenteric plexus controls motility?
Enteric neuron, interstitial cells of Cajal, smooth muscle cells.
GI
Which of the following presents a major challenge in colonoscopy?
Dehydration
GI
Which hormones play a role in gastric motility? (3)
Gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, motilin
GI
Common cause of gastric ulcers include?
ETOH, H pylori, NSAIDS
GI
Which of the following are beneficial preop interventions for Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?
Admin PPIs, correct electrolytes, RSI, suction and @ head of bed.
GI
Symptoms associated with Chron’s disease include:
steatorrhea, malabsorption, ileocolitis
GI
IBD tx include
steroids, 5-Acetylsalicylic acid, Rifaximin
GI
Which drug should be given prior to resection of a carcinoid tumor?
Octreotide
GI
There are six anterior pituitary hormones, they include
growth hormone, TSH, prolactin
Endo
2 posterior pituitary hormones are:
ADH, oxytocin
Endo
True or false: DI is characterized by excessive urine production.
TRUE
Endo
A serum sodium less than 110 may result in ?
cerebral edema and seizures
Endo
SIADH is inappropriate release of ADH seen with:
Cancer of lung
Hypothyroidism
Intracranial tumors
porphyria
Endo
Treatment of SIADH includes
demeclocycline, hypertonic saline, fluid restriction, vasopressin-antagonists
Endo
Anesthesia considerations associated with acromegaly include
soft tissue overgrowth, skeletal muscle weakness, vocal cord hypertrophy
Endo
The 4 types of DM include:
Type 1: autoimmune, destruction of betal cells, random BG>200 mg/dL
Type 2: beta cell insufficiency or insulin resistance
Type 3: gestational DM
Metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance w/ HTN & dyslipidemia
Endo
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DM can result in which 3 types of comas:
- hyperglycemia hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (serum osmo > 320)
- hypoglycemic (BG < 50)
- DKA (high ketoacids and metabolic acidosis w hyperglycemia)
Endo
T or F: DKA is more common in type 2 DM.
False
Endo
Tx of DKA includes (3 things):
aggressive isotonic rescusitations,
insulin 0.1 units/kg/hr
correct electrolytes
Endo
Hyperosmolor nonketotic coma has a mortality approaching 50%. Grave concerns w/ this type of coma include:
CV collapse due to extreme osmotic diuresis and CNS hyperosmolar dysfxn
ENDO
Symptoms of whipple’s triad strongly assoc w insulinoma include (3 things):
relief of sx w glucose, sx of hypoglycemia provoked by fasting, BG < 50mg/dL
endo
Normal daily release of cortisol is 20 mg/day; under stress this increases to __.
150 mg/day
endo
s/sx of cushing dx or hypercortisolism include (2):
emotional changes and hyperglycemia
endo
Addison’s dx aka adrenal insufficiency has two types:
Primary and secondary
endo
Name the four H’s of Addison disease
hypotension, hypovolemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
endo
Management goals for pts undergoing adrenalectomy include (2):
regulate HTN and control hyperglycemia
endo
Common causes of secondary HTN in middle-aged adults include:
Hyperthyroid, OSA
HTN
Drugs that increase BP as a side effect include:
NSAIDs, birth control pills, prednisone
HTN
Refractory HTN is
Uncontrolled BP on 5+ drugs
HTN
Dietary intake of which electrolytes is inversely related to HTN?
Calcium and potassium
HTN
Which of the following is the best antihypertension drug for induction?
Esmolol
HTN
Pulmonary arterial HTN is defined as a mPAP above:
20
HTN
Pulmonary vasodilating drug classes for PAH include:
Prostanoids
Endothelin receptor antagonists
HTN
A systemic to pulmonary shunt may cause PH in which form?
High-flow PH
HTN
3 Therapeutic effects of prostinoids include:
Anti-inflammatory
Pulmonary vasodilation
Anti-platelet aggregation
HTN
Which class of drug can prolong the action of nitric oxide?
Phosphodiesterase- 5 inhibitors
HTN
Physical symptoms of PAH include:
S3 gallop, JVD
HTN
The definitive test for PAH is
Right heart catheterization
HTN
What is the primary characteristic of systolic heart failure?
Decreased EF
HF
What symptoms are commonly associated with HF?
S3 gallop, dyspnea
HF
What cardiac pressure does the BNP level reflect?
LV end- diastolic wall stress
HF
What is the primary goal in cardiac resynchronization therapy in HF?
Improve CO
HF
Which lifestyle modifications are recommended for HF patients?
Stop smoking
Aerobic fitness
HF
What is a potential complication in advanced HF?
Dysrhythmias
HF
What are the most effective treatment option for HFrEF?
Beta blocker
ACE- inhibitors
HF
What are the primary diuretics recommended for HF according to ACC and ESC guidelines?
loop diuretics
HF
Which device prevents sudden cardiac death due to dysrythmias?
ICD
HF
What is the leading cause of de novo heart failure?
coronary artery occlusion
HF
What is the 1st line treatment for acute HF?
diuretics
HF
What is the effect of increasing cAMP on cardiac contractility?
Increased intracellular calcium
Increased excitation- contraction coupling
HF
What is the effect of Nesiritide on intracardiac pressures?
decreased LVEDP
HF
What is the most appropriate balloon pump setting for a tachycardic heart failure patient? (inflation to heartbeat)
1:2
HF
What are disadvantages of peripheral ventricular- assist devices?
hemolysis
lower flow rates
HF
Which neurohormonal system plays a significant role in the progression of heart failure?
RAAS
HF
Which cardiac disorder is associated with Cor- Pulmonale?
RV failure
HF
What pathology is responsible for the majority of URI’s?
Infectious nasopharyngitis
Obstructive
Which interventions can minimize the risk of laryngospasm in URI patients?
LMA, nebulized local anesthetic, oropharyngeal suctioning
obstructive
The main inflammatory mediators implicated in asthma include:
histamine, prostoglandin D2, leukotrienes
obstructive
Which spirometric value refers to the volume of air exhaled with max effort after deep inhalation?
FVC
obstructive
which spirometric value remains unchanged during an acute asthma attack?
Diffusing capacity for CO
obstructive
What mechanism stimulates tachypnea and hyperventilation during an asthma attack?
pulmonary neural reflexes
obstructive
At what level of FEV1, does the PaCO2 increase?
<25%
obstructive
Which 2 types of surgery are associated with a higher risk of bronchospasm?
Oncologic surgery
Upper abdominal surgery
obstructive
which lung volume may be decreased in COPD?
VC
obstructive
which radiologic finding confirms a diagnosis of COPD?
Bullae
obstructive
Which disorder is associated with irreversible airway dilation, inflammation, and chronic bacterial infection?
bronchiectasis
obstructive
Which respiratory disorder is commonly associated with situs inversus?
primary ciliary dyskinesia
obstructive
