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Clinical Pathology * > Kahoot & Lectures Questions > Flashcards

Kahoot & Lectures Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What automated parameter is a good analytical thermometer?

A

Elevated MCHC.

Indicates something is wrong with the testing or the sample.

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2
Q

What is more helpful MCV or RDW if the patient has microcytes and macrocytes?

A

RDW

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3
Q

Which condition doesn’t cause elevated MCHC?

A

Fe deficiency

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4
Q

Lymphocytes predominate in health of which species?

A

Sheep & cows

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5
Q

When do you get rouleax in a dog or cow?

A

Fibringoen, inflammation & elevated globulin

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6
Q

What stain is required to see reticulocytes?

A

Methylene blue stain.

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7
Q

Which increased parameter will not produce elevated TPP by refractometer?

A

Creatinine

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8
Q

Plasma protein by refractometer may be erroneously increased by all of the following except:

a. lipaemia
b. creatinine
c. urea
d. glucose

A

Creatinine

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9
Q

Low PCV hypoproteinaemia clear plasma. Diagnosis =

a. intravascular haemolysis
b. extravascular haemolysis
c. dehydration
d. haemorrhage

A

Haemorrhage

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10
Q

Which fact cannot be detected by evaluation of microcapillary tube?

a. anaemia
b. mast cells from buffy coat
c. platelet function
d. haemorrhage

A

Platelet function

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11
Q

Which of the following is incorrect for HCT?

a. HCT is 0%
b. HCT is calculated by automated analyser
c. HCT proportion of blood composed of erythrocytes
d. HCT slightly lower than PCV.

A

HCT is calculated by automated analyser.

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12
Q

When filling microcapillary tube it is important to fill it up to

a. all the way
b. 3/4 roughly where HCT reader calibrates for fluid variation
c. 1/4
d. 1/2

A

b. 3/4 of the tube.

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13
Q

Identify the content of the purple top tube

a. EDTA haematology
b. Lithiumheparin haematology & biochem
c. Sodium citrate coagulation
d. Potassiumoxalate glucose

A

EDTA

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14
Q

Filling the tube to the correct level is critical for which of the following

a. Citrate & OXF
b. EDTA & citrate
c. EDTA & serum
d. OXF & heparin

A

All tubes?

Especially EDTA & Serum.

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15
Q

Fibrinogen cannot be measured from sample collected in which tube.

a. Serum tube
b. Citrate tube
c. EDTA tube

A

Fibringoen is in plasma.

a. Serum tube.

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16
Q

Identify the content of the tube and its lab application.

a. EDTA - haematology
b. Serum biochem & endocrinology
c. Sodium citrate coagulation
d. Potassium oxalate glucose

A

Purple top - EDTA
Serum - plain tube
Sodium citrate - blue
Potassium oxalate - greay

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17
Q

Identify content of tube and lab application. Blue top.

a. EDTA
b. Serum
c. Sodium citrate
d. Lithium heparin

A

Sodium citrate.

Used for clotting time.

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18
Q

Pluripotential bone marrow cells initially commit to 2 main cell pathways.

a. Thrombopoiesis & erythropoiesis
b. Monopoiesis & thrombopoiesis
c. Myelopoiesis & lymphopoiesis

A

Myelopoesis and lymphopoiesis

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19
Q

Which species have reticulocytes in peripheral blood in health?

a. Cattle & horses
b. Horses & dogs
c. Cats & cattle
d. Dogs & cats

A

Dogs & cats both have reticulocytes in health.

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20
Q

Which granulocyte stages are found in bone marrow maturation and storage compartment?

a. Metamyelocytes, band neutrophil & segmented neutrophil
b. Myelocytes, metamyelocytes, band neutrophils
c. Metamyelocytes, myelocytes, promyelocytes
d. Myelocytes, band neutrophils, segmented neutrophils.

A

a. Metamyelocytes, band & segmented neutrophils

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21
Q

Which organ predominately produces thrombopoietin for platelet production?

a. Lung
b. Liver
c. Kidney
d. Heart

A

Liver

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22
Q

What does myelopoiesis encompass?

A

Erythropoeisis, granulopoiesis & thrombopoiesis.

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23
Q

What is the most important stimulus for erythroid production? Where’s it from and what determines release?

A

HCF (Haematopoietic growth factors like erythropoietin, thrombopoietin etc.)
Low oxygen stimulates kidney to release erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow and get RBC production.
Takes a few days to get in circulation.
Chronic cases have time to regenerate (better).

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24
Q

What are the 3 essential nutrients for erythroid production?

A

Fe, Cu & Vit B6

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25
Q

What erythroid cells indicate regeneration?

A

Reticulocytes

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26
Q

How do you interpret aggregate & punctate reticulocytes in cats?

A

Cats get punctate reticulocytes and aggregate reticulocytes. Only test fo aggregate type.
Have to use methylene blue stain.

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27
Q

Do horses have reticulocytes?

A

Not in blood smears.

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28
Q

How long does it take bone marrow to produce RBC after stimulation?

A

2-4 days

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29
Q

Where is thrombopoietin produced for platelet production?

A

Liver

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30
Q

What are some types of bone marrow disorders?

A

Aplasia
Hypoplasia
Hyperplasia
Myelopthsis

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31
Q

Name two non-haematopoietic forms of neoplasia in bone marrow?

A

Mast cell tumours

Metastatic carcinomas

32
Q

Define the name of each and what tube is used for.

a. Red
b. Purple
c. Green
d. Grey
e. Blue

A

EDTA - red, whole blood
Oxalate/fluoride -grey, plasma, whole blood, glucose
Plain - red, serum, clotted blood
Heparin - green, plasma, blood, reptiles
Sodium citrate- blue, plasma, whole blood, clotting times

33
Q

Which tube do you use to collect serum?

A

Plain red topped tube

34
Q

What is the ‘perfect’ anticoagulant?

A

Not clotting
Preserves morphology
Doesn’t interfere with stains

35
Q

How do you tell the difference between serum and plasma?

A

Serum from top clotted blood.

Plasma taken off top once spun down. Fibrinogen is in plasma!!!

36
Q

What happens if you underfill or overfill the tube?

A

Underfill- shrink RBC, dilute

Overfill - clotting, obstruction

37
Q

How should you package samples?

A

Blood smears seperately
Avoid freeze lysis
Don’t package histo with cyto

38
Q

What is the order of drawing up samples and why is it important?

A

Important so you don’t suck vacutainer salt into vein.

Order - blue, red, green, purple, grey. BRGPG. ***

39
Q

Gelding has extremely high potassium and low calcium & magnesium. What are you thinking?

A

EDTA will bind Ca and is a K salt.
If the horses levels were actually that the horse would be dead.
Have got vacutainer salt in vein or not enough blood.

40
Q

Why should you fast patient before spectrophotometer testing?

A

Avoid lipaemia and haemolysis. 12 hours of fasting before collection.

41
Q

What does the tube contain from bottom to top in order of layers?

A

Packed cells
Buffy coat
Plasma on top

42
Q

What do we look at in the plasma and buffy coat?

A

Plasma - Colour, haemolysis

Buffy coat - WBC, platelets, mast cells

43
Q

What will give a false positive reading of plasma protein using a refractometer?

A

Urea, glucose & cholestrol

44
Q

What 4 things cause Hg measurement error?

A

Haemolysis
Lipaemia
Heinz bodies
Spherocytosis

45
Q

What is the limitation of using MCV?

A

All dogs have same MCV. Use red cell distribution width instead because it tells use variation in size.

46
Q

A dog has 70% neutrophils and 12 total WBC . What is the absolute cell count?

A

Absolute cell count = WBC x 10^9 x % type of cell
So 12 x 10^9 x 70/100 = 8.4 x 10^9/L
Use to differentiate white cells*
Do this after you have done WBC differential count.

47
Q

Which bovine disease is unusual with respect to leukocyte response?

A

Bovine emphemeral fever. See high neutrophilia with left shift.

48
Q

How do we estimate total white blood cell count on monolayer?

A

WBC count = WBC in 3 fields / 3 / 4 x 10^9/L

49
Q

What species has lots of variation in platelet size?

A

Cats

50
Q

How do we do a manual platelet count?

A

Platelet count = Platelets in 3 fields / 3 x 20 x 10^9/L

51
Q

Which breed has a lower platelet count that other breeds and why?

A

CKCS 170-180 count compared to normal 200.

Because their platelets are bigger.

52
Q

What do you look for on a blood smear?

A

Agglutination, morphology, density, clumping, rouleax

53
Q

Which tube preserves morphology?

A

EDTA only

54
Q

Describe how you systemically approach a blood smear examination.

A

10 x then 100 x then 10 x
10 x - feathered edge - platelet clumps, parasites, neoplasm, WBC clumping
100 x - platelet count & morphology, do platelet formula.
10 x - WBC count and morphology. then absolute count.
Look at eosinophils & rouleax to identify species.

55
Q

Can you correctly label a blood smears layers?

A

I hope so!!!

56
Q

In what species do neutrophils predominate and which species do lymphocytes predominate?

A

Neutrophils - dogs, cats, horses

Lymphocytes - cows, sheep, goats

57
Q

Do you know how to differentiate species eosinophils?

A

Raspberry - horse.

Two seperate lobes - cat

58
Q

How do you differentiate erythrocytes of dogs, horses, cats & cattle

A

Dog - central pallor
Horses- rouleax
Cats- rouleax, anisocytosis
Cattle - anisocytosis

59
Q

What is the difference between rouleax and agglutination?

A

Rouleax - horses & cats. In all species when fibrinogen or globulin increase. Monolayer.
Agglutination - foreign epitope clumps RBC together
Differentiate by diluting with saline - rouleax will pull apart.

60
Q

How do you identify erythrocytosis on haemtology results?

A

Look at PCV and TPP.

61
Q

What does an increase in TP and PCV indicate?

A

Dehydration .

Decrease is haemorrhage.

62
Q

Compare erythrocytosis and haemoconcentration.

A

Erythrocytosis - increase RBC

Haemoconcentration - increase in all blood components

63
Q

Cyanotic calf keeps collapsing and has deficiency in pO2 (oxygen partial pressure) What form of erythrocytosis is occurring here?

A

Secondary appropriate erythrocytosis. The calf is hypoxic so body is compensating by producing new red cells.

64
Q

What is a clinical signs of extreme erythrocytosis?

A

Sludging blood
Poor oxygen carrying
Hypoxia
Purple mucous membranes

65
Q

Explain a reason for secondary erythrocytosis in hyperthyroid cats. Is erythrocytosis appropriate or inappropriate?

A

Metabolic rate is very increased. Higher metabolic rate needs high oxygen. So you get appropriate erythrocytosis - the body compensates by producing more red cells.

66
Q

What is a leukogram?

A

Complete set of data and morphology with blood smear.

Tells us pathological process NOT disease.

67
Q

Compare dog and cat most common leukograms.

A

Dogs: Bigger central pool
Cats: Bigger marginal pool

68
Q

You have a cat with high neutrophils and high lymphocytes when it comes into your vet clinic. What do you think?

A

Physiological leukogram.
Due to fear/exercise get adrenalin that releases marginal pool to central pool.
So more leukocytes and neutrophils in central pool.

69
Q

Why do mature neutrophils decrease with immature neutrophils?

A

Degenerative left shift.

No immature neutrophils - bone marrow isn’t coping and not releasing properly.

70
Q

How often are blood neutrophil pools renewed?

A

2-3 times a day.

71
Q

What is toxic change of neturophils?

A

Accelerated bone marrow production, defective maturation and immature retained stages ***

72
Q

What do you see in a leukogram of an animal with hypoadrenocorticism?

A

Addison’s disease.
Boring leukogram. Has high or normal levels of eosinophils & lymphocytes. Low or normal levels neutrophils.
OPPOSITE to stress leukogram.

73
Q

Dog has high monocytes, high neutrophils, low eosinophils and low lymphocytes. What do you suspect?

A

Steroid/stress leukogram.
Steroid causes neutrophil release, adhesion molecule release, lymphocytes sent to LN & bone marrow, less monocyte adhesion.

74
Q

What are the four types of toxic change?

A

Cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle body inclusions
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Toxic granulation

75
Q

How do you differentiate between tumour, inflammation or psychological leukocytosis?

A

Blood smear

76
Q

What are 3 potential causes of lymphocytosis?

A

Chronic inflammation
Physiological
Tumour

77
Q

How do you confirm Addison’s disease?

A

ACTH stimulation test.

Clinical Pathology * (3 decks)

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