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Clinical Pathology * > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three diagnostic classification schemes for anaemia?

A

Bone marrow response
Regenerative or non-regenerative
Indicators of regeneration

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2
Q

What’s the difference between MCV and RDW?

A

MCV is just the mean of red blood cell size whereas RDW takes into account the biggest and smallest (better indicator)

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3
Q

List specific indicators of anaemia.

A

Reticulocyte count

Polychromatophils

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4
Q

List non-specific indicators of anaemia

A

Elevated MCV and RDW
Anisocytosis
Metarubicytes
Basophilic stipling

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5
Q

What does polychromasia look like?

A

Increase in size of the central pallor of red cell - these are polychromatophils indicate anaemia

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6
Q

How long does it take for bone marrow to respond?.

A

3-4 days to get change in erythropoietin

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7
Q

What are the two things that cause regenerative anaemia? **

A

Haemolysis or haemorrhage *

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8
Q

Which recovers quicker, internal or external haemorrhage?

A

Internal because the body can reabsorb all the proteins and red blood cells lost.

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9
Q

What’s the difference between intravascular and extravascular haemolysis?

A

Intravascular - breakdown of RBC is incomplete so you get spherocytes. Occurs in blood vessel.
Extravascular- full breakdown of RBC get haemoglobinuria. Occurs in macrophage liver or spleen.

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10
Q

Does intravascular haemolysis cause haemoglobinuria and haemoglobinaemia?

A

Yes!

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11
Q

Why does extravascular and intravascular haemolysis matter?**

A

Any excess haemoglobin is potentially toxin when filtering through the kidney can cause haemoglobinuric nephropathy

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12
Q

What are some diseases that cause a reduced rate of erythrpoiesis like in non-regenerative anaemia?

A

Inflammatory disease
Renal disease
Marrow aplasia/hypoplasia
Erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia

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13
Q

Most non-regenerative anaemias are ___chromic and ___ cytic?

A

Normocytic normochromic

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14
Q

What is the major cause of ineffective non-regenerative anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

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15
Q

What is the MCV and MCHC of an iron deficiency?

A

Begins as regenerative then more non-regenerative.

Microcytic normochromic hypochromic

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16
Q

When do you see schistocytes?

A

DIC, haemangiosarcoma and Fe deficiency.

17
Q

What are the three reasons anaemia occurs?*

A

Blood loss
Decreased RBC production, maturation & release
Increased RBC fragility

18
Q

Why do you get microcytes with Fe deficiency?**

A

Cells divide to be more mature in bone marrow and get smaller.
Cell division stops and cells divide again (really small) to carry more iron!

19
Q

How do you differentiate between a functional and absolute iron deficiency?

A

Absolute - Iron is there but can’t be stored or immobilised mostly due to RBC issues like reduced production.
Functional - iron present but can’t be utilised (Fe is hiding in macrophages). due to inflammatory issues.

20
Q

What’s some clinical signs and things to look for for iron deficiency?

A 
Tarry faeces
Regenerative then non-regenerative microcytic hypochromic anaemia 
Hypoproteinaemia 
Schistocytes
Parasites
Neoplasia
21
Q

What condition do you have microcytes?

A

Fe deficiency non regenerative anaemia

22
Q

What’s some indicators of inflammatory disease anaemia?

A 
Mild normocytic normochromic non-regenerative anaemia. 
MNEL leukogram 
Hyperglobulinaemia
Hyperfibrinogenaemia 
Acute phase proteins
23
Q

What is the biggest indicator of anaemia caused by chronic renal disease?

A

Reduce erythropoietin production

24
Q

Which endocrinopathies cause anaemia?

A

Hypothyroidism (test T3, T4 and TSH - TSH should be elevated)
Hypoadrenocorticism - no stress leukogram even though animal is sick

25
Q

How do you diagnose a portosystemic shunt and consequent anaemia?

A

Mild to moderate microcytic normochromic anaemia.

Also test post prandial bile acids*

26
Q

What are some causes of immune mediated haemolytic anaemia?

A 
Idiopathic
Drug induced
Vaccine
Neonatal isoerythrolysis 
Blood transfusion reaction

Clinical Pathology * (3 decks)

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