KA8 Blood glucose levels and obesity Flashcards
What does chronic elevation of blood glucose levels lead to?
The endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal, damaging the blood vessels. Atherosclerosis may develop leading to CVD, stroke or peripheral vascular disease.
What might damage caused by elevated glucose levels result in for small blood vessels?
Haemorrhage of blood vessels in the retina
In kidneys it can lead to renal failure
Peripheral nerve dysfunction
What is excess glucose stored as?
Glycogen
What happens when there is a decrease in blood glucose concentration?
Pancreatic receptors respond to lowered glucose levels by increasing the secretion of GLUCAGON from the pancreas. Glucagon activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, increasing blood glucose concentration.
GONe -glucaGON
What allows the pancreas to detect changes in blood glucose concentration?
They have chemoreceptor cells. These receptor cells trigger the appropriate homeostatic response.
What is the role of adrenaline in the control of blood sugar levels?
During exercise and in flight or fight responses, glucose concentrations in the blood are raised by adrenaline, released from the adrenal glands, stimulating glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion.
What happens when there is an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Pancreatic receptors respond to raised blood glucose levels by increasing the secretion of INSULIN from the pancreas. Insulinactivates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver decreasing blood glucose concentration.
INsulin IN the jar
What is obesity?
Obesity is a condition characterised by the accumulation of excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue (muscle)
What is obesity a major risk factor for?
Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
What is Body mass index (BMI)?
BMI is commonly used to measure obesity. A BMI of greater than 30 indicates obesity.
How do you calculate BMI?
body mass/ height2 (squared)
What are the implications of the BMI method?
Some individuals such as body builders who have a relatively low % of body fat and an unusually high % of muscle bulk would be wrongly classified as obese by the BMI method.
To measure body fat accurately, a measurement of body density is required.
What are the causes of obesity?
Obesity is linked to high fat diets and a decrease in physical activity.
What are the treatments for obesity? (Energy expenditure)
Exercise increases energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue.
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood. A person with type 1 diabetes is unable to produce insulin and can be treated with regular doses of insulin.
