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Human Biology Unit 2 > KA6 - The Structure And Function Of The Heart > Flashcards

KA6 - The Structure And Function Of The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of blood does the left side of the heart pump and where does it pump it to?

A

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body cells

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2
Q

What type of blood does the right side pump and where does it pump it to?

A

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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3
Q

Name the 8 chambers of the heart

A 
Right ventricle
Right atrium
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium 
Left ventricle
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4
Q

State the names of the 2 valves and where they are found in the heart

A

AV valves are found between the atria and ventricles.

Semi lunar valves are found at the exit to the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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5
Q

Why is the human circulatory system referred to as a double system?

A

Because it has the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

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6
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart

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7
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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8
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times a heart beats in one minute measure in beats per minute

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9
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during contraction measured in millilitres

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10
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

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11
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

CO = HR XSV

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages in the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Aerial and ventricular diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Ventricular systole
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13
Q

What is meant by systole ?

A

Contraction of the heart

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14
Q

What is meant by diastole?

A

Relaxation of the heart

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15
Q

Explain atrial and ventricular diastole

A

During this stage all chambers of the heart are relaxed and filling with blood.

The AV valves are open and the semi lunar valves are closed.

Blood returning to the atria flows into the ventricles.

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16
Q

Explain atrial systole

A

During this stage, both atria contract.

The remaining blood in the atria is forced into relaxed ventricles through the open AV valve.

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17
Q

Explain ventricular systole

A

AV valves close preventing back flow of blood into atria.

Ventricles contract.

Blood pumped out of the heart, through semi lunar valves into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Semi lunar valves close when pressure in arteries exceeds pressure in ventricles. This prevents the back flow of blood into the ventricles.

Cardiac cycle begins again.

18
Q

Describe pressure changes during the cardiac cycle

A

Pressure is highest during ventricular systole

19
Q

Explain the sound of a heartbeat

A

The opening and closing of the AV and semi lunar valves creates the sound of the heart which are heard with a stethoscope

20
Q

What does the conducting system of the heart ensure?

A

That the heart contracts in a coordinated manner

21
Q

What 2 nodes are involved in the conducting system of the heart?

A

Sino atrial node(SAN)

Atrio ventricular node(AVN)

22
Q

Where is the SAN located?

A

The top wall of the right atrium

23
Q

Where is the AVN located?

A

The centre of the heart

24
Q

Explain the sino atrial node

A

The SAN sends out electrical impulses which are carried through the muscular walls of both atria. These impulses cause atrial systole.

25
Q

Explain the atrio ventricular node

A

The impulses from SAN travel to and are passed on to another node within the heart, the AVN.

Impulses from the AVN then travel down fibres in the central wall of the heart. The impulse then splits and travels up the left and right ventricles causing them to contract simultaneously, ventricular systole.

26
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

Impulses in the heart generate currents that can be detected by an electrocardiogram.

27
Q

In an electrocardiogram, what is the P wave?

A

The P wave corresponds to a wave of excitation spreading over the atrial walls causing atrial systole.

28
Q

In an electrocardiogram, what is the QRS wave?

A

The QRS wave corresponds to a wave of excitation spreading over the ventricle walls causing ventricular systole

29
Q

In an electrocardiogram, what is the T wave?

A

The T wave corresponds to electrical recovery of the ventricles

30
Q

What is the function of the medulla in the conducting system?

A

The medulla regulates the rate of SAN through antagonistic action of the autonomic nervous system

31
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The autonomic nervous system varies the rate at which the heart contracts.

32
Q

What are the 2 antagonistic beaches involved in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic pathway

Parasympathetic pathway

33
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway?

A

Sympathetic nerves release noradrenaline which increases heart rate

34
Q

What is the parasympathetic pathway?

A

Parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine which decreases heart rate

35
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against walls of blood vessels

36
Q

What does blood pressure do during the cardiac cycle?

A

Changes the aorta

37
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer in mmHg

38
Q

What happens to blood pressure during ventricular systole and diastole?

A

Blood pressure increases during ventricular systole and decreases during diastole

39
Q

What is a typical blood pressure reading for a hound adult?

A

120/80mmHg

40
Q

What are the two values used to measure blood pressure?

A

Systolic BP

Diastolic BP

41
Q

Explain how a sphygmomanometer is used

A

An inflatable cuff stops blood flow in the artery and deflates gradually. The blood starts to flow(detected by a pulse) at systolic pressure. The blood flows freely through the artery (and a pulse is not detected) at diastolic pressure.

42
Q

What can hypertension cause?

A

Hypertension is a major risk factor for many diseases including coronary heart disease.

Human Biology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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