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Higher Biology Unit 2🫧🌸 > KA6- Structure and function of the heart > Flashcards

KA6- Structure and function of the heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

The uppers chambers are called atria and Lowe chambers are called ventricles.

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2
Q

What does the coronary artery do?

A

It supplies the heart muscle with blood containing oxygen and nutrients.

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3
Q

Name the two valves and where they are situated?

A

The atrioventricular valve (AV) is found between the atria and ventricles.
The semilunar valve (SL) is found between the ventricles and arteries.

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4
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The Number of heart beats in one minute.

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5
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle in contraction.

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6
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped through each ventricle per minute.

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7
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The cardiac cycle is the pattern of contraction (systole) and relaxation (dystole) of the heart muscle in one complete heartbeat.

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8
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation of all chambers of the heart. The chambers fill with blood.

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9
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction of the heart. Blood forced out of the chambers.

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10
Q

State what happens during diastole?

A
  1. During diastole, blood returning to the atria flows into the ventricles.
  2. In diastole the higher pressure in the arteries closes the SL valves, while the AV valves are open.
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11
Q

State what happens during atrial systole.

A

Atrial systole transfers the remainder of the blood through the AV valves into the ventricles. In this stage atria contracts and the ventricles relax. SL valves are closed.

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12
Q

State what happens during ventricular systole?

A

Ventricular systole closes the AV valves and pumps the blood out through the semi lunar valves to the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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13
Q

What is responsible for the heart sound heard with a stethoscope?

A

The opening and closing of the AV and SL valves.

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14
Q

What is sino atrial node (SAN)?

A

The auto rhythmic cells of the sino atrial node located in the wall of the right atrium, set the rate at which the heart contracts.

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15
Q

How does SAN cause atrial systole?

A

Impulses control the timing of cardiac muscle cell contraction from the SAN spreading through the atria causing atrial systole.

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16
Q

Where is atria ventricular node located?

A

In the centre of the heart.

17
Q

How does AVN cause ventricular systole?

A

Impulses from the AVN travel down fibres in the central wall of the heart and then up through the walls of the ventricles, causing ventricular systole.

18
Q

What part of the body regulates the rate of the SAN?

A

The medulla

19
Q

How does the medulla regulate the rate of the SAN?

A

Through the antagonistic action of the autonomic nervous system.

20
Q

How many systems does autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

The sympathetic pathway and the parasympathetic pathway.

21
Q

What does the sympathetic pathway do?

A

It releases a sympathetic nerve which releases noradrenaline. Noradrenaline increases the heart rate.

22
Q

What does the parasympathetic pathway do?

A

It releases a parasympathetic nerve which releases acetylcholine. Acetylcholine decreases the heart rate.

23
Q

What does the electrocardiogram do?

A

Electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are recorded.

24
Q

How is an ECG useful?

A

It’s useful because it shows if an individual hear rhythm and the conduction of the heart which may be affected by an underlying heart disease.

25
Q

What does the P wave in an ECG represent?

A

The electrical impulses spread over the atria from the SAN.

26
Q

What is QRS wave complex?

A

The electrical impulses spreading through the ventricles.

27
Q

What is the T wave in an ECG?

A

Electrical recovery of the ventricles near the end of ventricular systole.

28
Q

State happens do blood pressure in the cardiac cycle.

A

Blood pressure increases during ventricular systole and decreases during diastole.

29
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

Using a sphygmomanometer.

30
Q

Name the two reading displayed in a sphygmomanometer?

A

The first reading is the systolic pressure and the second is diastolic blood pressure.

31
Q

State how is blood pressure measured using a sphygmomanometer.

A
  1. An inflatable cuff stops blood flow in the artery and deflates gradually.
  2. The blood stars to flow (detected by a pulse) at systolic pressure.
  3. The blood flows freely through the artery (a pulse is not detected) at diastolic pressure.
32
Q

Why having hypertension ( high blood pressure) not safe?

A

Hypertension is a major risk factor for many diseases such as coronary heart disease.

Higher Biology Unit 2🫧🌸 (9 decks)

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