KA 1 Flashcards
What is the Scientific cycle?
Observation; construction of a testable hypothesis; experimental design; gathering, recording, and analysis of data; evaluation of results and conclusions; the formation of a revised hypothesis where necessary
In science, refinement of ideas is the?
Norm
Scientific knowledge can be thought of as the current best? Which may be…
Explanation, which may then be updated after evaluation of further experimental evidence.
The null hypothesis proposes that there will be no?
Statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment
Failure to find an effect (a negative result) is a? Assuming that the experiment is…
Valid finding, as long as an experiment is well designed.
Conflicting data or conclusions can be resolved through?
Careful evaluation or can lead to further experimentation.
If there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due to chance, then what hypothesis is rejected?
The null hypothesis is rejected
Scientific ideas only become accepted once they have been checked?
Independently
Effects must be? One-off results are treated with…
Reproducible; one-off results are treated with caution.
The importance of publication of methods, data, analysis, and conclusions in scientific?
Reports so that others are able to repeat an experiment
Common methods of sharing original scientific findings include seminars, talks and posters at? and in what?
At conferences, and publishing in academic journals.
Most scientific publications use?
Peer review
Specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make?
Recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.
What is important in the wider media to do with scientific coverage?
Critical evaluation of science coverage
Increasing the public understanding of science
Is extremely important to avoid misrepresentation of science
Importance of integrity and honesty: what does this involve?
Unbiased presentation of results, citing and providing references, avoiding plagiarism
While judgements and interpretations of scientific evidence may be …. What is ultimately the key of importance in science?
Disputed: integrity and honesty are key to importance
The replication of experiments by others reduces the opportunity for?
Dishonesty or the deliberate misuse of science.
In animal studies, the concepts of…. Are used to?
Replacement, reduction, and refinement are used to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to animals
What is important in human studies?
Informed consent, the right to withdraw, and confidentiality
The value or quality of science investigations must be… In what terms?
Justifiable in terms of the benefits of its outcome, including the pursuit of scientific knowledge.
As a result of the risks involved, many areas of scientific research are highly…By whom?
Regulated and licensed by governments.
The risk to and safety of subject species, individuals, investigators and the environment must be taken….
Into account
What four non scientific things can all influence scientific research?
Legislation, regulation, policy and funding
Legislation limits the?
Potential for the misuse of studies and data.
