K9 intrinsic and extrinsic foreleg O,I,A Flashcards
superficial pectoral
O: first three sternebrae; median fibrous raphe at the ventral midline
I: whole crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
A: adduct limb when not bearing weight; prevention of abduction of limb while bearing weight
deep pectoral
O: ventral part of sternum; median fibrous raphe at the ventral midline
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus (major portion of insertion); greater tubercle and crest via aponeurosis
A: pull trunk cranially when limb is advanced and fixed; extend shoulder; draw limb caudally when not supporting weight
brachiocephalicus
O: clavicular intersection
I: distal end of cranial aspect of the humerus; middorsal fibrous raphe of the neck; mastoid part of the temporal bone
A: advance the limb; extend shoulder; draw head and neck to the side
omotransversarius
O: wing, or transverse process, of the atlas (cervical vertebra 1)
I: distal end of the spine of the scapula
A: advance the limb; flex the neck laterally
trapezius
O: median fibrous raphe of the neck; supraspinous ligament
I: spine of the scapula
A: elevate and abduct limb at the shoulder
rhomboideus
O: base of skull (nuchal crest
of occipital bone);
median fibrous raphe of neck; spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
I: dorsal border of scapula
A: elevate limb; draw scapula against trunk
latissimus dorsi
O: thoracolumbar fascia; last 2 - 3 ribs
I: teres major tuberosity of the humerus via the teres major tendon
A: draw limb caudally (e.g., digging); flex shoulder
serratus ventralis
O: ribs; transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
I: serrated face of the scapula
A: support trunk; depress scapula
deltoideus
O: spine and acromial process of the scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
A: flex shoulder
infraspinatus
O: infraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: lateral side of the greater tubercule of the humerus (small, circumscribed area)
A: laterally stabilizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weight bearing); abduct and laterally rotate shoulder; assists other muscles in the extension or flexion of shoulder
teres minor
O: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; distal caudal border of the scapula
I: teres minor tuberosity of the humerus
A: laterally stabilizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weightbearing); laterally rotate shoulder; flex shoulder (assists other muscles)
supraspinatus
O: supraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: greater tubercle of the humerus (thick tendon)
A: laterally stabilizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weightbearing); extend shoulder
subscapularis
O: subscapular fossa of the scapula
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: medially stabilizes the shoulder (prevents lateral rotation while weightbearing); adduct shoulder; extend shoulder
teres major
O: caudal angle and caudal border of the scapula; subscapularis muscle
I: teres major tuberosity of the humerus
A: flex shoulder; rotate arm medially
coracobrachialis
O: coracoid process of the scapula
I: crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus, near the teres major tuberosity
A: mainly a shoulder
stabilizer, but can assist
other muscles in adduction and/or extension of the shoulder
tensor fasciae antebrachii
O: fascia covering the lateral surface of the latissimus dorsi muscle
I: olecranon of the ulna, in
common with the tendon of insertion of the triceps brachii muscle
A: extend elbow
triceps brachii
O: caudal border of scapula (long head); tricipital line, proximal humerus (lateral head)
neck, lesser tubercle (accessory) , and crest of the lesser tubercle (medial head)
I: olecranon of ulna
A: flex shoulder (long head); extend elbow (all heads)
anconeus
O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus; lateral and medial
epicondyles of the
humerus
I: proximal and lateral aspect of the ulna
A: extend elbow
biceps brachii
O: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
I: radial and ulnar tuberosities
A: extend shoulder; flex elbow
brachialis
O: proximal and lateral aspect of the humerus
I: radial and ulnar tuberosities
A: flex elbow
extensor carpi radialis
O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus
I: metacarpal tuberosities (dorsal aspect) of MC II and III
A: extend carpus
common digital extensor
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: extensor processes of the distal phalanx of digits II, III, IV, and V
A: extend the joints of the four principal digits
lateral digital extensor
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: extensor processes of the distal phalanx of digits III, IV, and V; proximal ends of all phalanges of same digits
A: extend the joints of digits III, IV, and V
ulnaris lateralis
O:lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: lateral aspect of the proximal end of MC V; accessory carpal bone
A: abduct carpus; flex carpus
supinator
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: cranial aspect of proximal radius
A: supination (rotate antebrachium laterally so that the palmar surface of the paw faces medially)
pronator teres
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: medial border of the radius
A: pronation (rotate the antebrachium medially so that the palmar surface of the paw faces the ground)
abductor pollicis longus
O: lateral and cranial border of the ulna; interosseus membrane between the radius and ulna
I: proximal end of metacarpal I
A: abduct digit I
flexor carpi radialis
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus; medial border of the radius
I: palmar surface of proximal MC II and III
A: flex carpus
superficial digital flexor
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus I: palmar surface of the base of the middle phalanges of digits II, III, IV, and V A: flex digits II - V
flexor carpi ulnaris
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus; caudal and medial aspect of olecranon
I: accessory carpal bone
A: flex carpus
deep digital flexor
O: medial epicondyle of humerus; ulna; radius
I: flexor tubercle (palmar surface of the base) of the distal phalanx of each
digit
A: flex digits
pronator quadratus
O: This muscle is located within the space between the radius and ulna bones.
I: none
A: pronate the antebrachium
interossei (plural) ande its sesamoid bones
there are four interosseus (singular) muscles which are fleshy and similar in size and shape. They lie deep to the deep digital flexor tendons and cover the palmar surfaces of the four main metacarpal bones. The tendon of each interosseus muscle divides and each tendon encompases a sesamoid bone at the level of the palmar surface of the metacarpophalangeal joint. There are thus two proximal sesamoids embedded in the tendon of insertion of each interosseus muscle. There are extensor processes that extend from the interosseus tendon to the dorsal surface of the paw and unite with the tendons of the common digital extensor m.
The deep pectoral has a ________ extending into the axillary region and then converging with the medial fascia of the brachium.
aponeurosis
cleidobrachialis
brachial portion of the brachiochephalicus
from clavicular intersection to distal end of cranial aspect of the humerus
cleidocephalicus
cleidomastoideus - middorsal fibrous raphe of the neck
cleidcervicalis - mastoid part of the temporal bone
cervical trapezius and thoracic trapezius are connected by a _________ and attaches them dorsally to the _______?
aponeurosis
scapular spine
rhomboideus capitis
O: base of skull (nuchal crest
of occipital bone)
rhomboideus cervicis
O: median fibrous raphe of neck
rhomboideus thoracis
O: spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
The latissimus dorsi tendon joins with the tendon of _________ muscle.
teres major m.
The tendon of the infraspinatus muscle has a ________________ affiliated with it.
subtendinous synovial bursa
If the spine of a scapapula is visible and very palpable this indicates atrophy to __________ and ___________ muscles.
supraspinatus and
infraspinatus
The tendon of origin for the coracobrachialis is quite long and is surrounded by a ____________.
synovial sheath
what are the four heads of the tricepts brachii?
- which one(s) cross the shoulder joint?
- which one(s) cross the elbow joint?
long head, -crosses both joints
lateral head,
medial head,
accessory head
all cross the elbow
This muscle covers the olecranon fossa
anconeus
The tendon of origin of this muscle passes between the greater and lesser tubercles within the intertubercular groove of the humerus?
biceps brachii
The __________________ extends from the greater to the lesser tubercle over the intertubercular groove of the humerus, thereby holding the tendon of origin for the biceps brachii in place.
transverse humeral retinaculum
what muscle(s) are the main flexors of the elbow?
biceps brachii and brachiais muscles
This muscle is located within the _______ groove of the humerus?
brachialis
which of the antibrachial muscles has the most proximal origin?
extensor carpi radialis
what is the only flexor muscle of the antebrachium that origitnates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
ulnaris lateralis
all of the ______ muscles of the carpus and digits originate from the _________ epicondyle of the humerus.
flexor ; medial
what is the flexor manica?
Just distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint, the SDF forms somewhat of a sleeve so that the tendon of the DDF can pass through. This sleeve is called the flexor manica.
The _________________ holds down the tendons of both the SDF and the DDF at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint.
palmar annular ligament
the ___________ holds down the tendons of the SDF and DDF at the level of the proximal phalanx of the digits.
proximal digital annular ligament
the _______________ holds down the tendon of the DDF at the proximal (palmar) aspect of the middle phalanx of the digits.
distal digital annular ligament
This muscle has three heads: radial head, humeral head, and ulnar head. The tendons of all of these heads converge within the _________ as the deep flexor plate, or tendon of the DDF.
carpal canal
In the Dog:
There are four interosseus (singular) muscles. They lie ____ to the deep digital flexor tendons and cover the palmar surfaces of the four main metacarpal bones. The tendon of each interosseus muscle divides and each tendon encompases a ________ bone at the level of the palmar surface of the metacarpophalangeal joint. There are thus _____ proximal sesamoids embedded in the tendon of insertion of each interosseus muscle.There are extensor processes that extend from the interosseus tendon to the dorsal surface of the paw and unite with the tendons of the ________________.
deep sesamoid two dorsal common digital extensor
