K&D

Question 1

Meditation 1 - Method of Doubt

Answer 1

Para 1: The aims of med. 1 and how he plans to achieve these.
Para 2: Describe the Senses
“It is prudent never to trust those who have deceived us even once.”
Para 3: Dream Argument
“Perhaps I do not even have such hands or such a body at all.”
Para 4: God
“How do I know that God has not brought it about that I too go wrong every time I add two and three or count the sides of a square,”
Para 5: The Evil Demon
‘Some malicious demon… has employed all his energies in order to deceive me.’

Question 2

med 1 senses quote

Answer 2

“It is prudent never to trust those who have deceived us even once.”

Question 3

med 1 dream quote

Answer 3

“Perhaps I do not even have such hands or such a body at all.”

Question 4

med 1 demon quote

Answer 4

‘Some malicious demon… has employed all his energies in order to deceive me.’

Question 5

med 1 god quote

Answer 5

“how do I know that God has not brought it about that I too go wrong every time I add two and three or count the sides of a square,”

Question 6

med 1 criticisms

Answer 6

• foundationalist
• disregards senses too quickly
• full effort?
• dreaming illogical

Question 7

med 1 good

Answer 7

• rigorous

Question 8

Meditation 2 - The Cogito

Answer 8

Para 1: Discussion of the Whirlpool of Doubt and the Archimedean Point. “..one firm and immovable point in order to shift the entire earth…”
Para 2: How does Descartes arrive at the cogito. Discuss how he reworded the cogito.
Para 3: Why the Cogito is undeniable.

Question 9

med 2 Archimedean point quote

Answer 9

”..one firm and immovable point in order to shift the entire earth…”

Question 10

med 2 crit

Answer 10

• evil demon -> bad logic
• define “I” and “am”
• Hume argues there is no idea of the self, just a collective idea

Question 11

Meditation 3 - Of God; that He Exists

Answer 11

Para 1: Explain clear and distinct perceptions.
Para 2: Explain natural impulse, natural light and the degrees of reality.
“Among these ideas, some appear to me to be innate, others adventitious, and others to be factitious.”
Para 3: Causal adequacy principle (Stone and heat) “what is cannot be produced by what is not.”
Para 4: Trademark argument and the idea of perfection.
“I could not possibly… have in mind the idea of God, if God did not in reality exist!”

Question 11

med 3 natural impulse, light and degrees of reality quote

Answer 11

“Among these ideas, some appear to me to be innate, others adventitious, and others to be factitious.”

Question 12

med 3 causal adequacy principles quote

Answer 12

“what is cannot be produced by what is not.”

Question 13

med 3 tradmark argument

Answer 13

“I could not possibly… have in mind the idea of God, if God did not in reality exist!”

Question 14

med 3 criticisms

Answer 14

• reliance on god breaks scepticism
• clear and distinct
• non-believers
• random terminology, lack of structure
• cake
• circular reasoning

Question 15

Hume - Ideas & Impressions

Answer 15

Para 1: Impressions vs ideas.
Para 2: Complex vs simple ideas.
Para 3: Copy principle.
Para 4: Shade of blue.

Question 16

Hume - cause and effect

Answer 16

Para 1: Fork.
Para 2: Cause and effect.
Para 3: Exploding balls (boom)
Para 4: Induction.

Question 17

Hume ideas criticisms

Answer 17

• drunk, PTSD
• the missing shade of blue
• ## blind people with ideas of colour

Question 18

Hume impressions and ideas quote

Answer 18

“there is a considerable difference between …when a man feels the pain of excessive heat …and to when he afterwards recalls it to his memory”

Question 19

Hume complex vs simple ideas quote

Answer 19

virtuous horse or golden mountain

Question 20

Hume copy principle quote

Answer 20

“all this creative power of the mind amounts merely to the ability to combine, transpose, enlarge, or shrink the materials that the senses and experience provide us with”

Question 21

Hume impressions and ideas things to note

Answer 21

God & no corresponding impressions without ideas

Question 22

Hume impressions and ideas positives

Answer 22

• strong logic
• not easily countered examples
• saying it only applies to people with a healthy mind
• accounts for the imagination

Question 23

Hume - Cause & Effect

Answer 23

Para 1: Fork (relations of ideas and matters of fact)
Para 2: Cause and effect.
Para 3: Exploding balls (boom)
Para 4: Induction.

Question 24

Relations of ideas are

Answer 24

a priori and analytic (eg. maths)

Question 25

Matters of fact are

Answer 25

a posteriori and analytic (the sky is blue)

Question 26

Hume relations of ideas quote

Answer 26

“Propositions of this kind are discoverable by the mere operation of thought”

Question 27

Hume matters of fact quote

Answer 27

“the contrary of every matter of fact is still possible”,

Question 28

Matters of fact are ____ certain

Answer 28

not

Question 29

Relations of ideas are _____ certain

Answer 29

actually

Question 30

Hume cause and effect quote

Answer 30

“All reasonings about matters of fact seem to be based on the relation of cause and effect”

Question 31

Hume cause and effect eg

Answer 31

Adam, billiard balls

Question 32

Hume cause and effect criticisms

Answer 32

Karl Popper, science doesn’t work by induction but rather by trial and error, reconstructing propositions

Question 33

Times when people may be skeptical of cause and effect theory

Answer 33

• accustomed to an event
• event is like many events in nature
• when the event is something simple

Question 34

Hume problem of induction

Answer 34

because b followed a before, b always follows a

flawed inductive reasoning because it’s not evident by rational logic

without this link cause and effect cannot be evident from reason or experience