Juvenile justice history

Question 1

Act of Regulate the Treatment and Control of Dependent, Neglected and Delinquent Children, Illinois Juvenile Court Act

Answer 1

Passed by the Illinois legislature in 1899; established first juvenile court among states; also known as the Illinois Juvenile Court Act.

Question 2

Jane Addams

Answer 2

Established Hull House in Chicago in 1889; assisted wayward and homeless youth.

Question 3

At-Risk Youths

Answer 3

Juveniles who are considered more susceptible to the influence of gangs and delinquent peers; tend to be characterized as having learning disabilities, greater immaturity, lower socioeconomic status, and parental dysfunction, as well as being otherwise disadvantaged by their socioeconomic and enviromental circumstances.

Question 4

Banishment

Answer 4

Sanction used to punish offenders by barring them from a specified number of miles from settlements or towns; often a capital punishment, because those banished could not obtain food or water to survive the isolation.

Question 5

Bridewell Workhouse

Answer 5

16th-century London jail (Sometimes called Gaol) established in 1557; also known for providing cheap labor to business and mercantile interests; jailers and sheriffs profited from prisoner exploitation.

Question 6

Career escalation

Answer 6

Moving as a juvenile offender to progressively more-serious offenses as new offenses are committed; for example, committing new violent offenses after adjudication for property offenses.

Question 7

Chancery courts; Court of Equity

Answer 7

Court of Equity rooted in early English common law where civil disputes are resolved; also responsible for juvenile matters and adjudicatory family matters, such as divorce; have jurisdiction over contract disputes, property boundary claims, and exchanges of goods disputes.

Question 8

Chancellors

Answer 8

Civil servants who acted on behalf the king of England during the middle ages; chancellors held court and settled property disputes, trespass cases, and minor property offenses as well as those involving thievery, vagrancy, and public drunkenness.

Question 9

Child Savers Movement

Answer 9

Organized effort during the early 1800s to provide assistance, including food and shelter to wayward youth.

Question 10

Civil tribunals

Answer 10

see children’s tribunals

Question 10

Children’s tribunals

Answer 10

Informal court mechanisms originating in Massachusetts to handle children charged with crimes apart from the system of criminal courts for adults.

Question 11

Cleared by arrest

Answer 11

Term used by the FBI in the Uniform crime reports to indicate that someone has been arrested for a reported crime; does not necessarily mean that the crime that has been solved or that the actual criminals have been apprehended or convicted.

Question 12

Common Law

Answer 12

Authority based on court decrees and judgements that recognize, affirm, and enforce certain usages and customs of the people; laws determined by judges in accordance with their ruling.

Question 13

Compulsory School Act

Answer 13

Passed in 1899 by Colorado, this act targeted those youth who were habitually absent from school; encompassed youth who wandered the streets during school hours; originally designed to enforce truancy laws; erroneously regarded as the first juvenile court act, which was actually passed in Illinoi in 1899.

Question 14

Crime Rate

Answer 14

Statistic that presents the total number of crimes per 100,000 population.

Question 15

Felonies

Answer 15

Crimes punishable by imprisonment in prison for a term of one or more years; major crimes; any index offense.

Question 16

Gangs

Answer 16

Groups who form an alliance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity; any group gathered together on a continuing basis to engage in or commit antisocial behavior.

Question 17

Gesellschaft

Answer 17

Term created by Ferdinand Tonnies, a social theorist, to describe small, traditional communities where informal sanctions were used to punish those who violated community laws.

Question 18

Gemeinschaft

Answer 18

Term created by Ferdinand Tonnies, a social theorist, to describe more formalized, larger communities and cities that relied on written documents and laws to regulate social conduct.

Question 19

Hidden Delinquency

Answer 19

Infractions reported by the surveys of high-school youth; considered to be “hidden” because it most often is undetected by police officers; disclosed delinquency through self-report surveys.

Question 20

Hospital of Saint Michael

Answer 20

Custodial institution established at the request of the pope in home in 1704; provided for the unruly youth and others who violated the law; youth were assigned tasks; including semiskilled and skilled labor, which enabled them to get jobs when released.

Question 21

Houses of Refuge

Answer 21

Juvenile institutions, the first which was established in 1825 as a means of separating juveniles from the adult correctional process.

Question 22

Incident

Answer 22

Specific criminal act involving one offense and on or more victims.

Question 23

Indentured Servant

Answer 23

Voluntary slave pattern: persons without money for the passage from England entered into a contract with merchants or businessmen, usually for 7 years wherein merchants would pay for voyage to the American colonies in exchange for their labor.

Question 24

Index offenses

Answer 24

Specific felonies used by the FBI in the Uniform Crime reports to chart crime trends; eight index offenses are listed (aggravated assault, larceny, burglary, vehicular theft, arson, robbery, forcible rape, and murder).

Question 25

Juvenile courts

Answer 25

Formal proceedings with the jurisdiction over juveniles, juvenile delinquents, status offenders, dependent or neglected children, children in need of supervision, or infants.

Question 26

Misdemeanor

Answer 26

Crime punishable by confinement in city or county jail for a period of less than one year; a lesser offense.

Question 27

monitoring the future survey

Answer 27

Study of 3,000 high school students annually by the institute for social research at the University of Michigan; attempts to discover hidden delinquency not ordinarily disclosed by published public reports.

Question 28

national crime victimization survey

Answer 28

Published in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of the Census, a random survey of 60,000 households, including 127,000 persons 12 years of age or older; includes 50,000 businesses; measures crimes committed against specific victims interviewed and not necessarily reported to law enforcement officers.

Question 29

national juvenile court data archive

Answer 29

Compendium of national statistical information and databases about juvenile delinquency available through the National Center for Juvenile Justice, under the Sponsorship of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; involves acquisition of court dispositional records and publishing periodic reports of juvenile offenses and adjudicatory outcomes from different jurisdictions.

Question 30

National Youth Survey

Answer 30

Study of large numbers of youth annually or at other intervals to assess extent of delinquency among high-school students.

Question 31

New York House of Refuge

Answer 31

Established in New York City in 1825 by the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism; school managed largely status offenders; compulsory education was provided; strict, prison-like regimen was considered to be detrimental to youthful clientele.

Question 32

Pathways

Answer 32

Developmental sequences over the course of one’s adolescence that are associated with serious, chronic, and violent offenders.

Question 33

Poor Laws

Answer 33

Regulations in England in the Middle Ages designed to punish debtors by imprisoning them until they could pay their debts; essentially, imprisonment was for life or until someone could pay the debts for them.

Question 34

Reeve

Answer 34

Chief law enforcement officer of English counties, known as shires.

Question 35

Reform Schools

Answer 35

Different types of secure residential institutions designed to both punish and rehabilitate youthful offenders; operated much like prisons as total institutions.

Question 36

Self-report, self-report information

Answer 36

Surveys of youth (or adults) based upon open disclosures these persons might make about the types of offenses they have committed and how frequently they have committed them; considered to be more accurate than official estimated.

Question 37

Sweatshops

Answer 37

Exploitative businesses and industries that employed child labor and demanded long work hours for low pay.

Question 37

Shires

Answer 37

Early English counties.

Question 38

Society for the Prevention of Pauperism

Answer 38

Philanthropic society that established first reformatory in New York in 1825, the New York House fo Refuge.

Question 39

Transportation

Answer 39

Early British practice of sending undesirables, misfits, and convicted offenders to remote territories and islands controlled by England.

Question 40

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Answer 40

Official source of crime information published by the FBI; accepts information from reporting law enforcement agencies about criminal arrests; classifies crimes according to various index criteria; tabulates information about offender age, gender, race, and other attributes.

Question 41

Victimization

Answer 41

Basic measure of the occurrence of a crime; a specific criminal act affecting a specific victim.

Question 42

Workhouses

Answer 42

Early penal facilities designed to use prison labor for profit by private interest; operated in shires in mid-16th century and later.