juvenile delinquency 1

Question 1

Moral Panic

Answer 1

heightened concern over an issue that is not in line with its seriousness or frequency of occurrence in the world

Question 2

Delinquency

Answer 2

an act committed by an individual under the age of 18 that violates the penal code of the region where the act is committed

Question 3

Status offenses

Answer 3

acts that are considered problematic because of the age of the person carrying them out

Question 4

Normative conception of delinquency

Answer 4

conception that assumes that there is a general set of norms of behavior, conduct, and conditions with which we can agree

Question 5

Folkways

Answer 5

everyday norms that do not generate much uproar if they are violated

Question 6

Mores

Answer 6

moral norms that may generate more outrage if broken

Question 7

Law

Answer 7

strongest norms because they are backed by official sanctions

Question 8

Social constructivist conception of delinquency

Answer 8

popular ideas about delinquency that are created and influenced by social, political, and economic factors that change over time

Question 9

Critical conception of delinquency

Answer 9

conception that critiques the existing social system that creates norms of oppression

Question 10

The cradle to prison pipeline

Answer 10

refers to the many issues for children that make it more likely they will be incarcerated at some stage in their lives

Question 11

Social differentiation

Answer 11

process by which we define, describe, and distinguish people based on different categories

Question 12

Ascribed category

Answer 12

category an individual is born into and cannot change

Question 13

Achieved category

Answer 13

flexible category that individuals may be able to move in and out of

Question 14

The sociological imagination

Answer 14

the only way to truly understand the experiences of the individual is to first understand the societal, institutional, historical conditions that individual is living under

Question 15

Social constructionist

Answer 15

popular ideas about delinquency that are created and influenced by social, political, and economic factors, and that change over time

Question 16

Sampling

Answer 16

smaller group that is representative of the whole

Question 17

Random sample

Answer 17

each individual in the population has an equally likely chance of making it into the sample

Question 18

Ethnography

Answer 18

studying by integrating into the population you’re studying

Question 19

Ethical and moral dilemmas

Answer 19

if you observe juveniles committing a crime, what do you do?

Question 20

Qualitative data

Answer 20

descriptive, not measured

Question 21

Inductive reasoning

Answer 21

reasoning that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations based on those observations

Question 22

Quantitative data

Answer 22

data on number scale

Question 23

deductive reasoning

Answer 23

reasoning from general ideas to more specific observations (use of hypothesis)

Question 24

Uniform crime report

Answer 24

official data in the form of crimes known to the police or arrests collected by the FBI

Question 25

Clearance rate

Answer 25

rate at which a certain crime category is closed because of arrest or exceptional means

Question 26

National incident based reporting system

Answer 26

expands the number of offenses reported; distinguishes between attempted and completed crimes; reports all crimes committed at the same time

Question 27

National crime victimization survey

Answer 27

primary US source of data on criminal victimization

Question 28

Self report surveys

Answer 28

data collection method in which respondents select the responses themselves, usually in questionnaire format

Question 29

National longitudinal survey of youth

Answer 29

focuses on actual behaviors of youth, but is not equally valid and reliable across race, gender, and age

Question 30

Ecological fallacy

Answer 30

mistake of making an inference about an individual based on aggregate data for the group

Question 31

Microlevel theories

Answer 31

theories of delinquency that focus on the individual

Question 32

Normative theory

Answer 32

assumes that consensus is a basic fact of organized life

Question 33

Free will

Answer 33

individuals weigh the costs and benefits of all their actions and act when benefits > costs

Question 34

Certainty of punishment

Answer 34

most important element in deterrence; assumption that individuals perceive a high likelihood of being caught and punished, they will not engage

Question 35

Celerity of punishment

Answer 35

assumes that the faster a punishment occurs, the more likely the individual will not engage in that behavior in the future