final exam Flashcards
socialization hypothesis of delinquency
hypothesis about delinquency that states that youth who socialize with friends who are highly delinquent will be more apt to be delinquent themselves; frequency, duration, intensity
opportunity hypothesis of delinquency
hypothesis that most important factor that influences youth to engage in delinquency is amount of time youth spend with friends away from parents, teachers, and other social control agents
relational isolation
avoidance of friendships that is actively pursued by some youth to protect themselves from violence
sexting
use of cell phones or other electronic devices to send or receive sexually suggestive messages
subculture of violence theory
perspective that characterizes youth gangs as a result of a formation of a peer group that actively opposes middle-class mainstream norms of nonviolent behavior through the creation of hypermasculine aggressive subculture
routine activities theory
theory that states that gang involvement results because youth have too much free time on their hands and opportunities to join a gang
multiple marginality theory
vigil’s theory that links the many ways that youths are marginalized in society (ranging from macro level to individual level) to their eventual involvement in a gang
street socialization
when youth bond with others who share a common background and become part of a subcultural group in which they develop and share their own values
autonomous gang
type of female gang that exists on its own with no attachment to male gangs
mixed-gender gang
type of female gang that has both boys and girls in its ranks
auxiliary gang
type of female gang that works together with a male gang
gang prevention
concerted efforts to stop formation of gangs and involvement of youth in existing gangs
gang intervention
efforts to get youth out of gangs once they are already involved in them
gang suppression
attempts to crack down on gang delinquency by using law enforcement powers to arrest and incarcerate youth
gang reentry
efforts to provide resources to help youth who were incarcerated for gang delinquency to find jobs, shelter, and help with schooling
civil gang injunction
court-issued restraining order prohibiting members of enjoined criminal street gangs from activities that can be defined as public nuisances
harmful legal products
legal products that are used or consumed in an effort to get intoxicated or high and can have negative repercussions
national survey on drug use and health (NSDUH)
a yearly SAMHSA survey of drug use patterns of approximately 70,000 people 12 years of age and older that occurs through face-to-face interviews at respondents’ homes
drug abuse warning network (DAWN)
a network that existed until 2011 that created yearly reports on the number of youth who ended up in emergency departments due to their use of alcohol and/or other drugs
D.A.R.E
the drug abuse resistance education program, which uses anti-drug use curriculum delivered by law enforcement officers in school classroom in an effort to deter children from using drugs
zero tolerance
the ideology of most U.S. government-funded drug prevention programs that states that no drug usage whatsoever is acceptable without serious consequences and all drugs are equally as harmful
drug testing
a method used to deter drug use by means of testing bodily materials (e.g. urine, hair, saliva) for evidence of drug consumption
drug courts
courts that first emerged in the 1990s in the united states and deliver a series of services geared at helping youth using drugs to become rehabilitated and stop their usage
abstinence model of drug use
the model of drug use used by juvenile drug courts, which defines a young person’s involvement in court-mandated programs as only when they completely stop all drug usage
residential therapeutic community
drug programs in which youth live away from home in a facility for an extended period to address their drug use
deviancy training
the idea that group therapy for youth drug use sometimes functions to spark interest in future drug use among casual users who participate
drug prohibition
an approach to drug use that involves the harsh punishment of drug users
war on drugs
an assortment of drug prohibition efforts implemented by the U.S. government since the early 1970s
harm reduction
an approach to drug use that takes a public health angle and acknowledges that illegal and legal drug use are always going to occur, so they need to be addressed in a way that minimizes the harm associated with use
poly substance use
the use of multiple drugs or substances at the same time
rumspringa
the period in Amish teenagers’ lives in which they explore the world outside of their community to make sure they want to commit to their religion: it is know to involve experimentation with drugs and alcohol
retribution
a justification for punishment that is based on the idea of just deserts; punishment that is proportionate to the act that a person has committed
individual (specific) deterrence
a justification for punishment that involves the goal of punishing an individual as a means of stopping her or him from doing the same act of delinquency or crime in the future
general deterrence
the goal of punishing an individual as a means of deterring others from participating in delinquency or crime
incapacitation
a justification for punishment aimed at making someone incapable of committing a crime, usually through isolation and/or restriction of movement and decision making
selective incapacitation
a variant of the incapacitation justification for punishment in which high-risk offenders can be identified and incapacitated for long periods, while lower-risk offenders can be handled with less serious punishments
positivism
an approach to the study of delinquency and other behaviors that involves the use of scientific observations and controls
restoration
a justification for punishment that focuses on dealing with delinquency as a harm and bringing healing in the aftermath of a harm
warren court
the supreme court during the leadership of chief justice earl warren that handed down a number of important legal decisions in the 1960s and early 1970s that increased the due process rights of juveniles
deinstitutionalization
the act of moving a juvenile out of and/or avoiding the detention of a juvenile in an institution as a punishment for wrongdoing
law enforcement
police role that involves detecting, investigating, and arresting alleged delinquents/offenders
order maintenance
police role in which they use discretion to maintain order in public (and some private) places
service
police role to serve and protect the community by helping them in times of need
patrol officers
officers who patrol the streets and are the first in the juvenile justice system to have contact with young people in most situations
juvenile officers
officers who work in the juvenile justice system
school resource officers (SROs)
officers responsible for patrolling assigned schools and acting as liaisons to teachers, staff, students, and the community
police-juvenile contacts
interactions between police and youth that include police-initiated contacts, traffic accidents, and public-related contacts
trauma informed policing
policing that provides developmentally appropriate responses to children exposed to violence and other forms of trauma
developmental competence
officers’ and other adults’ understanding of youths’ biological and psychological development
custody
when an individual is not allowed to leave the presence of a law enforcement officer
miranda rights
rights that individuals in custody have, including being informed about their right to an attorney and their right to remain silent and incriminate themselves
discretion
officers’ choice to address youth misbehavior through unofficial or official procedures
use of force
when officers act to both threaten and inflict harm on juveniles or adults
waiver to adult court
the process by which it is decided whether a juvenile will be handled in the juvenile justice system or the adult justice system
automatic waiver
a list of offenses for which a juvenile is automatically moved to the adult system
prosecutorial waiver
a list of offenses for which the prosecuting attorney has the discretion to file in either the juvenile or the adult court
judicial waiver
the most common type of waiver to the adult court in which a judge or magistrate has the discretion to transfer a juvenile to adult criminal court
diversion
a process that allows the juvenile justice system to offer programs designed to help a juvenile without the young person having to go formally through the system
net-widening
when more juveniles get drawn into the juvenile justice system due to diversion programs
intake
an initial screening stage at which the intake officer determines whether a juvenile’s case should be dismissed from the system it should be referred to the system
petition
a short statement of the facts of an alleged crime that are filed in the juvenile court
pre-adjudication detention
the stage at which a juvenile can be kept in detention prior to his or her adjudication hearing
preventive detention
the expanded use of detention to include the consideration of whether a juvenile will engage in delinquent offenses while awaiting his or her hearing
plea bargain
the process by which the juvenile agrees to plead guilty to a crime in exchange for a lower charger or lesser disposition (sentence)
adjudication
the stage at which a juvenile goes before the court for a hearing in which it is determined whether the juvenile did or did not engage in the alleged crimes
bifurcated hearing
the division of a trial into two parts, for example, an adjudication hearing and a disposition hearing
disposition
the stage at which it is determined what punishment a juvenile will receive for his or her alleged acts of delinquency
disproportionate minority contact
the disproportionate number of minority youths who come into contact with the juvenile justice system
juvenile dependency process
the process by which it is determined whether a juvenile is safe in his or her home with his or her guardians or parents
crossover youth
any youth who has experienced abuse or neglect and engaged in delinquency whether formally in either system or not
dually involved youth
crossover youth who are receiving services from the the juvenile justice and dependency courts simultaneously
dually adjudicated youth
dually involved youth who have actually been adjudicated by both the juvenile justice and dependency courts
restitution
the act of “paying back” the victim of an act of delinquency or his or her family by means of money, volunteer labor, community service, or some other agreed-upon method
monetary restitution
a sanction in which the juvenile offender is required to pay the victim for monetary damages that the juvenile created
victim service restitution
a sanction in which the juvenile is required to perform services for the victim such as repairing private property
community service restitution
a sanction in which the juvenile offender is required to perform some sort of service for the community
home confinement
intensive supervision by a probation officer and electronic monitoring to control juveniles
electronic monitoring
the process by which an offender is monitored in the community through the use of technology/electronic devices
foster home
a household, designed to replicate a home environment, in which a delinquent or neglected child may be placed when he or she cannot be sent back home
group home
an alternative to the traditional in-home foster care for children in which a number of children live for various amounts of time with a single set of house parents or rotating staff
halfway house
a rehabilitative center or house in which juveniles are helped to readjust to the outside world after incarceration
detention facilities
centers in which juveniles are housed while awaiting their adjudication hearing or in some instances their disposition hearing
correctional institution
an institution, also known as a training school or reformatory, that is the most popular type of residential facility in use in the juvenile justice system
boot camp
a correctional alternative in which juveniles participate in a program with military structure focused on physical activity and strict rules
reentry
the term used for the process of ending incarceration and reestablishing one’s life after incarceration
risk assessment
the practice of using property. obstructed screening tools to identify risk factors for delinquency in order to address them before a young person engages in misbehavior
early intervention programs
delinquency prevention programs that are focused on the time during childhood and early adolescence when youth are receptive to nurturing and supportive environments
sleeper effects
effects of a program or intervention that may not show themselves until several years after its completion, making it difficult to judge the program or intervention’s effectiveness
after-school programs
delinquency prevention programs that aim to involve youth people in organized social behaviors, learning activities, and/or recreational activities after school
rehabilitation programs
programs that are focused on changing juvenile’s behavior after they have already engaged in an act of delinquency; these programs tend to be focused on the individual level and heavily influenced by psychological and social-psychological theories of human development
functional family therapy (FFT)
a short-term program that is typically 30 hours long, in which a therapist, a social worker, or a trained probation officer works with a young person and her or his family after the youth has engaged in wrongdoing
multi-systemic therapy (MST)
a therapy that engages a youth’s entire family in the hopes of reducing aggressive, delinquent, and other undesirable behaviors through education and tips related to stress, parenting, and familia relationships and the creation of supportive family networks
multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC)
a specialized foster care program in which community families are recruited, trained and closely supervised as they take a teenager into their homes; it involves behavior modification, therapy, and intense interaction as a means of supporting youth
self-regulation skills
skills that help young people control their own behavior and aim for positive goals
gender-responsive programming
delinquency prevention program that takes into account gendered experiences of youth (e.g. delinquency programming aimed at girls)
reintegrative shaming
the shaming of someone who has done wrong that is followed by reintegration of the wrongdoer into the fabric of his or her family or greater community as a means of reducing recidivism and promoting restorative justice
victim-offender mediation (VOM)
a restorative justice process in which a young person who has committed an act of delinquency will meet with the victim of her or his act, as well as a mediator, in the hopes of arriving at a mutually satisfying agreement
family group conferencing (FGC)
a means of handling acts of juvenile delinquency in line with restorative justice aims, involving a conference between victims, offenders, and their families, as well as police, youth advocates, community members, and other interested parties who decide what should be done in the aftermath of harm
secondary victims
indirect victims of an act of delinquency such as family members who are impacted negatively by the victimization of a member of their family, or community members who are frightened for their own safety because of an act of delinquency
circles of support
offender-oriented circles that help people get back on their feet after detention or incarceration and facilitate their community reintegration
models for change program
one of the best-know evidence-based delinquency programs in the united states, involving numerous states and parties in its complex implementation and design; it is based primarily at the national center for juvenile justice in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, but involves a large network of justice professionals based across the country
evidence-based programs
prevention-based programs that social science research has demonstrated are making the most effective
academic achievement
the extent to which students achieve their academic goals
school failure
a process by which a student falls farther and farther behind his friends and expected level in his or her educational development, gradually disengaging from the school system
tracking
a practice that occurs when juveniles are placed in classrooms or groups within the classroom based on their perceived intellectual abilities
alienation
a low degree of integration or high degree of isolation or distance between and individual and another individual, group, community, or institution
dropping out
the act of quitting school before graduating
bullying
the use of physical strength or emotional influence to intimidate another individual
cyberbullying
the use of technology such as social media sites or texting to intimidate another individual
school-to-prison pipeline
an argument that overly harsh rules, security enhancements, and punishments mean that for any students school becomes a preparation ground for prison
zero-tolerance policy
any policy that allows no exception mandating predetermined punishments even for mistakes or extenuating circumstances
