Justification of Resistance to Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Liberalism:

A

The belief in the primacy of individual rights and freedoms to be exercised in the individual’s self-interest. They thought humans were reasonable and could make rational decisions that would benefit themselves and society as a whole. Economic freedom involves ownership of private property and free markets. Protection of civil liberties (at the time, this really only applied to white men). Constitutional limitations on government power

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2
Q

Meritocracy:

A

An economic system where individuals are rewarded based on ability and hard work.

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3
Q

Laissez-faire capitalism:

A

Absence of government control of the economy (ie, let it be, leave alone, hands off)

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4
Q

Enclosure Acts:

A

Common land became the private property of an individual (their “enclosure”), and many small farmers lost their land.

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5
Q

Mercantilism fades:

A

A money-based economy, providing capital for the building of factories that took advantage of new technologies that were able to make goods much faster (fly shuttle, spinning jenny, power loom, etc).

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6
Q

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution:

A

The enclosure acts, fading of mercantilism, and traditional class structure fades.

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7
Q

How did the industrial revolution affect the standard of living?

A

Most people became wealthier during the Industrial Revolution, but the cost of living increased, giving most people a pay cut. A person’s Standard of Living is based on the number of goods and services they can afford to buy.

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8
Q

How did the government help the standard of living in the industrial revolution?

A

Economic benefits largely benefited the wealthy at the expense of the workers. Governments at the time were not concerned about income inequality, as the economy wasn’t their responsibility (laissez-faire view).

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9
Q

Grassroots Movements:

A

Grassroots Movements started with ordinary people who attempted to affect, change, and challenge conditions created by classical liberalism. Luddism & Chartism were two grassroots attempts to challenge classical liberal values (albeit in different ways).

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10
Q

Classical Conservatism:

A

Thinker Edmund Burke was a contemporary of Adam Smith but came to different conclusions. Burke is associated with the ideology of classical conservatism, which had a more traditional view of society. He was horrified by the excesses of the French & American Revolutions, leading him to dismiss liberalism and desire a return to the ways of the past.

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11
Q

Welfare Capitalism:

A

The term given to classical liberalism combined with governments that used legislation to protect some workers’ rights.

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12
Q

The Welfare State & Keynesian Economics:

A

After the stock market crashed in 1929 and the world was plunged into the great depression, many felt that laissez-faire capitalism (classical liberalism) had failed. John Maynard Keynes proposed a way out of the great depression by proposing a method for governments to control boom and bust cycles (many believe Keynesian economics was the origin of the mixed economy). As a result of Keynes’s ideas, the modern liberal idea of the welfare state emerged.

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13
Q

The Square Deal:

A

In the early 1900s in the USA, classical liberalism was the dominant ideology, with large corporations forming monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt introduced a number of reforms to give middle-class Americans a “square deal” and worked to break up Monopolies.

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14
Q

The Great Depression & Modern Liberal Responses:

A

The 1920s created the conditions that led to the stock market crash of 1929. In response, President Franklin Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, which focused on relief and recovery from the Great Depression and included many new agencies designed to aid recovery and get people back to work. In Canada, Prime Minister Mackenzie King created new social programs and moved Canada toward a mixed economy with more intervention.

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15
Q

The Factory Acts:

A

The Factory Acts were a series of laws passed by the British Parliament starting in 1833 to improve the lives of factory industrial workers.

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16
Q

Labour Standards & Unions:

A

During the 19th century, labourers who wished to improve working conditions began to attempt to form unions. Unions give workers the power to collectively fight for better wages and working conditions, challenging the capitalist owners of a business or factory.

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17
Q

Protection of human rights:

A

In the 20th Century, one focus of modern liberals has been to extend “positive rights” to as many people as possible, regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, or economic status. Some of these are enshrined in the UN Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the US Bill of Rights. They include freedom of religion, the right to own property, be treated equally under the law, and take part in government.

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18
Q

Universal suffrage in Canada:

A

From 1867-1919, the classical liberal idea that voting was only a privilege for a few was replaced by the modern liberal concept that the franchise (right to vote) was a right granted to all men (at first). In 1920, the Dominion Elections Act in Canada extended the right to all citizens of European descent (men and women). The Inuit gained the right to vote in 1950 (but no polling stations were set up in the North until the 1960s). First Nations people could not vote without giving up their status until 1960. In 1988 people with mental disabilities were given the franchise, and in 2002, it was extended to prison inmates.

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19
Q

Feminism:

A

Feminism is the belief that men and women are equal and should be treated equally in ALL respects.

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20
Q

Progression of women’s suffrage:

A

By the 19th century, many women started wanting to contribute to the larger society outside of the home. Over time, participation in the public sphere occurred through Christian temperance movements, anti-poverty campaigns, anti-child-labour movements and more equitable divorce and property laws. During the 20th Century, the Canadian government passed laws that gave women more equal rights in marriage, divorce, and abortion rights, and in Canada, gender equality is entrenched in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

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21
Q

The Alberta Connection:

A

The “famous five” were instrumental in fighting for women to be legally recognized as “persons” under the law. But, they were imperfect, as many of the famous five espoused openly racist, eugenist, and anti-immigrant sentiments.

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22
Q

What are some values of liberalism?

A

Private Property, rule of law, competition, economic freedom, self-interest, and individual rights and freedoms: speech, peaceful assembly, association, religion, press, conscience, belief, thought, opinion, legal rights, gender identity/expression, marriage equality, etc…

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23
Q

Authoritarianism:

A

A form of government with authority vested in an elite group that may or may not rule in the people’s interests. Authoritarian political systems reject the values of liberalism.

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24
Q

Totalitarianism:

A

A government system that seeks complete control over the public and private lives of its citizens.

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25
Q

Communism:

A

A system of society with property vested in the community, and each member working for the common benefit according to his or her capacity and receiving according to his or her needs.

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26
Q

Fascism:

A

A right-wing democratically-opposed movement of nationalism which leads to totalitarianism in Germany and Italy in the 1920s and 1940s, respectively. A mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, militarism, and the supremacy of both the nation and the single, powerful leader over the individual citizen.

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27
Q

Absolute Monarchy:

A

The monarchy has a “Divine Right” to the throne ordained by God. They have absolute control over all aspects of society. Rule of law does not exist. The King or Queen is the law. One could make the argument that Absolute Monarchies were the original dictatorships. The monarch rejects the values of liberalism, and a few still exist today.

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28
Q

One-Party State:

A

A type of authoritarian form of government where only one party forms the government and no others are permitted to run candidates. They can appear like democracy, but the absence of choice and barriers against change prevent the liberal democratic principle of the people’s will being respected. Some one-party states even include the word “Democracy” in their country name to signal they somehow embody the will of the people. One-party states can give a sense of unity, strength and community.

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29
Q

Military Dictatorship:

A

Can take numerous forms, but under a military dictatorship, the military controls the country and legislative process/governing. They often come to power in a coup d’etat, where the existing government is overthrown by the military leadership.

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30
Q

Oligarchy:

A

A form of government in which political power rests with a small elite segment of the population. Modern Day Russia is called an oligarchy because of the power to which many members of the Soviet Union have access.

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31
Q

Minority Tyranny :

A

Occurs when a minority group controls society, often ruling in a brutal manner, ruling and imposing their values over majority groups. South Africa under apartheid is an example of a minority group ruling brutally over a majority (nearly 90 % of South Africans are either black, coloured or of South Asian and Indian descent)

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32
Q

Karl Marx:

A

Marx wrote “The Communist Manifesto.” He thought that society, through revolution, could move closer to a state of “Communism.” His ideology was that the collective is more important than the individual.

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33
Q

What were Karl Marx’s founding values of communism?

A

Collective ownership of resources, land and capital, getting rid of private property, and economic equality.

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34
Q

Subsistence Agriculture:

A

Only growing for your family.

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35
Q

How was Russia set up for communism?

A

In the 1800s, Russia was less industrialized than Europe. They still believed in subsistence agriculture. There was a lot of poverty, especially among Russian peasants and ruled by a monarch called a “Czar,” who had the same position as a King. Many countries that had already gone through the Industrial Revolution started to invest in Russia. Russia experienced massive growth very quickly. The gap between rich and poor widened. Many felt this was unfair, much like in Britain where modern liberalism was introduced.

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36
Q

Czar Alexander II:

A

Freed the Serfs, but the peasants were still bound to nobles. They introduced some liberal reforms which abolished capital punishment, allowed some democracy, and created an elected assembly called the Duma. This was not enough for some, and a group called the “People’s Will” assassinated Alexander II in 1881. A new Czar, Alexander III, reversed liberal reforms, and as a result, people had less freedom than before.

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37
Q

Bloody Sunday:

A

People in Russia continued to suffer in poverty. In January 1905, peasants protested outside Czar’s winter palace, demanding food and better working conditions. The Czar’s soldiers opened fire on the peaceful, unarmed crowd killing hundreds. It was then known as “Bloody Sunday” or the “First Russian Revolution.”

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38
Q

How did the Czars system end?

A

Bloody Sunday set the stage for the second Russian Revolution in 1917, leading to the abdication of Czar Nicholas II. The temporary government, led by Alexander Kerensky, tried to implement liberal reforms, but mass poverty still remained and was ineffective. He was very unpopular because he didn’t give land to the poor in Russia and continued to fight in WWI. This set the stage for Lenin to seize control.

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39
Q

Social Darwinism:

A

Fascists adopted and perverted biologist Charles Darwin’s idea of “survival of the fittest,” where stronger species survive and pass on their genes, and others die off. Darwin’s ideas are scientific, describing evolution, and supported by evidence but “Social Darwinism” is an ideology and not supported by evidence. Social Darwinism was used as a justification to sterilize those the government feels shouldn’t be allowed to reproduce because they are less valuable to society. Forced sterilization was a regular occurrence in Nazi Germany.

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40
Q

How was Germany affected after WWI economically?

A

Germans were on the losing side of WWI in 1918. They had to pay massive reparations to the Allies as penalties for aggression during the war. Germany couldn’t afford to pay the reparations. In 1923 they stopped paying because they couldn’t afford the payments. Germany printed more money to pay the reparations, causing “hyperinflation”.

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41
Q

What happened to Germany after hyperinflation and the stock market crash?

A

Hyperinflation, widespread unemployment, and a dramatic drop in living standards. The crash in the stock market in the US hit Germany hard. 5 million were out of work in 1932. The “Weimar Republic” couldn’t fix the problems. The Nazis blamed liberalism & democracy, and many Germans agreed because things were NOT getting better, despite a liberal government.

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42
Q

What was the first incident of Hitler’s attempt to rise to power?

A

Adolf Hitler began travelling to beer halls giving speeches in the 1920s. With his Nazi thugs, he tried to seize power in 1923 during the “Beer Hall Putsch”. The putsch failed, and Hitler was jailed - while in prison wrote “Mein Kampf” outlining his fascist beliefs. The Nazi party was banned in Germany at this point.

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43
Q

How did Hitler react after his imprisonment?

A

Hitler promised to practice politics using legal means and was released from prison in 1924. Mein Kampf’s memoir published in 1925. The ban on the Nazi party was lifted and it starts to grow rapidly and gain in popularity Hitler blames the problems of Germany on the democratic government. Also included certain ethnic groups and other minority groups as scapegoats for blame.

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44
Q

Censorship in Nazi Germany:

A

Anti-Nazi newspapers shut down; the government-controlled what appeared in newspapers, radio, and on news reels. They banned and burned books that were “un-German” and were controlling what soldiers wrote home during WWII.

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45
Q

Cult of the Leader & Vision of Nazi Germany:

A

Creating an idealized or heroic image of a leader through unquestioning praise and flattery. Hitler carefully crafted his image and even had his own personal photographer to follow him around.

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46
Q

Rewriting School Curriculum and Indoctrination in Nazi Germany:

A

Girls were brainwashed into being good wives and mothers. Boys were prepared to be effective soldiers. All teachers had to join the Nazi Teachers’ Association, and Jewish teachers were fired. Teachers had to attend summer school to learn a new curriculum; textbooks were rewritten, especially history and biology, with sections on eugenics added to reflect Aryan racial supremacy and anti-Semitic ideas. Academic subjects were downgraded, mandatory physical fitness for at least 2 hours a day was added, and girls studied home ec, eugenics and physical education.

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47
Q

Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls:

A

Designed to further the indoctrination girls and boys received at school into believing the beliefs and ideals of the Nazi regime. Boys were trained to be future soldiers, and these programs were mandatory from 1936 for 10-17-year-olds. Girls were taught to be housewives and mothers. The programs were mandatory from 1939 on for girls 10-14 in the Young Girls League and from 14-18 in the League of German Girls.

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48
Q

Scapegoating:

A

Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht, concentration and extermination camps

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49
Q

1935 - Nuremberg Laws:

A

Defined who was a Jew and who wasn’t.

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50
Q

1938 - Kristallnacht:

A

The “night of the broken glass.” Jewish shops were looted, smashed, beaten up, and murdered.

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51
Q

Concentration and extermination camps:

A

Jews were sent to concentration and extermination camps.

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52
Q

Rallies and Powerful Speeches in Nazi Germany:

A

The Nazis often held rallies with tens of thousands of people in attendance. The Nazis even set up a Nazi Party film office to make “official” films of the rallies. There were also official books released with photographs and full texts of the speeches given at the rallies.

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53
Q

Propaganda in Nazi Germany:

A

Glorified Hitler and his image, spreading negative images about Jews in magazines, films, cartoons, radio, and other media. They ensured that radios would be affordable so more Germans could listen to Nazi ideas in their homes.

54
Q

What were the two secret police branches in Nazi Germany?

A

SA - Sturmabteilung & SS - Schutzstaffel

55
Q

Imprisoning Dissidents in Nazi Germany:

A

The Nazis imprisoned, tortured and systematically murdered Jews, Black people, members of the LGBTQ community, disabled people, Romani, political opponents, non-Jewish Polish people, Freemasons, “Asocials” (homeless people, drug addicts, prostitutes, pacifists).

56
Q

Controlled Participation and Eliminating Opposition in Nazi Germany:

A

Believing that one was still contributing to the country in some way. Nazi Germany continued to have elections even after the enabling act made Hitler dictator.

57
Q

What were the two major conferences that occurred after WWII? What were the goals?

A

The Yalta conference and the Potsdam conference. The goals of the conferences were to figure out the future of the post-war world.

58
Q

Yalta Conference:

A

The allies agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones of occupation (British, French, US, USSR), with Berlin, the Capital of Germany, also divided but located in the Soviet zone. Free elections were held in newly liberated countries of Europe, previously under German occupation. Discussions about the creation of the UN occurred, and Stalin was convinced by the promise of a security council seat with a veto.

59
Q

Potsdam Conference:

A

Aimed to restructure the German economy towards agriculture and light industry (limiting military). Anti-communist leaders elected Germany to pay $20 billion in reparations. Free elections were to be held in Poland. Vietnam divided on the 16th parallel. The USSR reiterated their plan to invade Japan (which had not yet surrendered and was days away from the US dropping the A-bomb).

60
Q

The Berlin Wall:

A

On August 12, 1961, East German troops locked down the border between East Berlin and West Berlin to prevent East Berliners from going across the border. Wire fences were replaced by a concrete wall, complete with watchtowers, bunkers, trenches, and a “kill strip.” Essentially, this made West Berlin an island in a sea of Soviet beliefs.

61
Q

Spheres of Influence:

A

The USA/USSR can influence governments in countries near where they control.

62
Q

Buffer Zones:

A

Stalin wanted a weak Germany because, in the past (WWI, WWII), a strong Germany invaded the USSR. Stalin wanted a “buffer zone” between the USSR and countries under the US sphere of influence (Finland, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia)

63
Q

The Truman Doctrine:

A

Implemented in 1947, it initially gave $400 million to Turkey and Greece to fight communism. The doctrine later expanded to other countries that were “threatened” by communism - the most extensive aid package was referred to as the Marshall Plan.

64
Q

The Marshall Plan:

A

In 1947, a 13 billion dollar economic aid plan to help European countries devastated by WWII was implemented. The plan was offered to all countries, both communist and democratic. Referred to as “dollar imperialism” by Soviet foreign minister Molotov.

65
Q

COMECON:

A

The USSR set up their own economic assistance program in response to the Marshall Plan called COMECON to support communist bloc countries economically.

66
Q

The Molotov Plan:

A

The Molotov Plan was the system created by the Soviet Union in 1947 to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were aligned with the Soviet Union. Many refer to this as the USSR’s version of the Marshall Plan. Later became COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance).

67
Q

Why did some countries choose to align with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact?

A

During the Cold War, countries felt they needed to join either the USSR Sphere of Influence or the US Sphere of Influence. Capitalist/Democratic countries joined NATO, and Communist countries joined the Warsaw Pact. Some joined because they believed in the corresponding ideology, and some simply joined for increased national security.

68
Q

Why did some countries choose not to align with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact?

A

Rather than join the USA or USSR, some countries chose their own ideologies. Those countries met in Bandung, Indonesia, in April 1955 to discuss economic and cultural cooperation. In 1961, another conference in Serbia officially created the “Non-Aligned Movement” (NAM), countries not on either side of the Cold War - these countries became known as “Third World” nations. Even though these countries desired to be on their own, they were pursued aggressively by the USA and USSR to join their respective sides. The countries were focused on economic cooperation, human rights, and the principle of self-determination.

69
Q

McCarthyism:

A

McCarthyism was an anti-communist movement in the United States during the 1950s, led by Republican senator Joseph McCarthy. It was intended to uncover and persecute those with perceived ties to communism within the US government, universities and entertainment industries. Many people had their reputations and lives ruined by even being accused of being associated with communism.

70
Q

The Prestige Wars:

A

The Prestige Wars were battles of achievements rather than actual military conflicts; they thought that being the best in a non-military competition was proof that their ideology was better than the other.

71
Q

How were sports involved in the prestige wars?

A

In the 1972 Summit Series, Canada beat the USSR in game 8 to win the series.

72
Q

How was the space race involved in the prestige wars?

A

The space race saw both superpowers attempting to “one-up” each other through their respective space programs ie, satellites, the first human in space, landing on the moon, etc. The space race and “Summit Series” were examples.

73
Q

How was culture involved in the prestige wars?

A

In 1959, cultural exhibitions were held in Moscow and New York to demonstrate the best of what each country had to offer and show off why their nation was better. Billed as a way to lower tensions and open dialogue, but spies from both sides used the opportunity to try to gain information on the other.

74
Q

Espionage:

A

Espionage is the practice of countries gaining knowledge about each other through spying. For example, on September 5, 1945, Igor Gouzenko fled the Soviet embassy in Ottawa with documents proving a Soviet spy ring in Canada. Agencies such as the CIA in the USA and the KGB in the USSR were created during the Cold War.

75
Q

Deterrence/Dissuasion:

A

If both the US and USSR possess enough nuclear warheads to destroy one another, neither would want to use theirs for fear of their own destruction. An example of this is Mutually Assured Destruction. Other countries developed their own nuclear programs at this time to gain independence from the US. In 1968, France believed only nuclear powers could be truly independent.

76
Q

Brinkmanship:

A

Brinkmanship is the strategy of pushing an ideological conflict to the “brink” of war, like a staring contest with nuclear consequences.

77
Q

Moscow-Washington Hotline (1963):

A

Allowed political leaders to speak directly to each other rather than through messengers.

78
Q

The Cuban Missile Crisis:

A

Fidel Castro (Communist Dictator) overthrows Fulgencio Batista (US Supported Dictator) in 1959. The US failed to invade Cuba using Cuban exiles in 1961 (Bay of Pigs invasion). Khrushchev (leader of the USSR) helps his Castro out by sending nuclear weapons to Cuba aimed at the USA. The USSR removed weapons from Cuba, and the US promised not to invade Cuba and remove its own missiles from Turkey.

79
Q

Proxy Wars:

A

A war that results when two countries use third parties or countries to fight for them instead of fighting themselves.

80
Q

The Korean War:

A

In the negotiations after WWII, it was agreed that the US and Soviet occupation zones in former Japan-occupied territory would stop at the “38th” parallel. This resulted in a divided country. The Soviet Union left North Korea in 1948, and by 1950, the communist Kim Il-Sung took over and invaded the south with the USSR’s help. After North Korea invaded South Korea, the freshly minted UN sent troops from 15 countries to push the North Koreans out of South Korea. A few months later, the North was pushed back to the 38th parallel, but the US didn’t stop - it kept going - which alarmed China, who then entered the war and helped push the South back. Three long years of conflict with very little movement ended with an armistice (ceasefire agreement) in 1953. The war is technically ongoing, with troops stationed in the DMZ (demilitarized zone) that was created as part of the ceasefire agreement.

81
Q

The Vietnam War:

A

Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel (communist north and non-communist south), and elections were to be held in the south. The US feared the Communists would win the election, so they started supporting the government of South Vietnam in 1956 militarily. By 1966, there were over half a million US troops fighting in Vietnam. The war led to over 2 million Vietnamese deaths and over 58 000 US military deaths. The US faced huge pressure from back home due to peace movements and high death tolls and pulled out of Vietnam in 1973. Vietnam was unified in 1976 and became a single-party communist country and remains so today.

82
Q

The Soviet War in Afghanistan:

A

Sometimes referred to as the USSR’s “Vietnam War” because of its failure. The USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support the pro-communist PDPA (Marxist People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan) against the Mujahideen (Muslim resistance fighters). They were fighting for communism. The Americans supported the Mujahideen fighters with weapons and arms in a secret operation as a proxy to fight the USSR. The USSR found it nearly impossible to win the war and finally left in 1989. They left because of the US & Saudi support for Mujahideen fighters, the greater loyalty of many Afghans to their clan instead of the central government, and the lack of support from rural areas for the communist government.

83
Q

Chile’s ties with the CIA:

A

The USA interfered heavily in Chilean elections using the CIA to prevent a socialist from coming to power. Despite their efforts, Salvador Allende was elected in 1970, to the dismay of the Americans. President Nixon authorized the CIA to create political instability, which led to a military coup by General Augusto Pinochet, who was a brutal dictator who brought in free market capitalism. The American government claims it didn’t help Pinochet directly but admitted it helped create the conditions that led to the coup.

84
Q

Iran-Contra Affair:

A

In the 1980s, under President Reagan, a fiercely free-market-oriented leader, the USA wanted to eliminate all communist influence in South and Central America (target: Nicaragua). He directed various US security agencies to funnel money to cocaine-dealing rebels in Nicaragua (known as Contras) to fight the Socialist Nicaraguan government. Disagreeing Democrat-controlled US Congress passed laws preventing this, so then the NSC (National Security Council) secretly made money by selling weapons to Iranian moderates, whom they hoped would help free US hostages who were held in Lebanon at the time (but the money for the Contras was the goal). A Lebanese newspaper broke the story, making all of this public, leading to charges and convictions of conspiracy & obstruction of justice. The next president (George HW Bush) pardoned those found guilty, removing all their consequences.

85
Q

John Locke:

A

Major work: Two Treatises of Government
Perspective on humanity: Reasonable, intelligent and can make rational decisions
Concern: Believed in democracy - that the PEOPLE were the source of power - the reason why government exists is to protect life, property and freedom. He was known as the father of liberalism.

86
Q

Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu:

A

Major work: The Spirit of Laws
Perspective on humanity: Believed in the worth of the individual and that all men were equal
Concern: Separation of powers (believed it should be divided into judicial, legislative and executive). Accountability of the government to the people. Liberal.

87
Q

John Stuart Mill:

A

Major work: Liberty
Perspective on humanity: Humans desire perfection and sympathy for other human beings. People can improve themselves and want to
Concern: Only limits that should be placed on individuals were those that would protect others (called the harm principle). Believed strongly in individual freedom and freedom of speech

88
Q

Adam Smith:

A

Major work: The Wealth of Nations
Perspective on humanity: People are motivated by self-interest, but when followed, they will unwittingly end up helping everyone else
Concern: Disagreed with mercantilism, believed individuals should work for their own self-interest in a free-market system. The government’s role should be limited to maintaining the rule of law, ensuring contracts are followed, and some limited public works (education, road maintenance, etc.)

89
Q

Bourgeoisie:

A

In Marxist contexts - the capitalist class who own most of society’s wealth and means of production.

90
Q

Proletariat:

A

Workers or working-class people regarded collectively often used with reference to Marxism.

91
Q

Collectivism:

A

A current of thinking that values the goals of the group and the common good over the goals of any one individual.

92
Q

Government Intervention:

A

The regulatory action taken by a government that aims to change decisions made by individuals, organizations, or groups regarding economic and social matters.

93
Q

Marxism:

A

A radical form of socialism, often called scientific socialism or communism to distinguish it from other socialist ideologies.

94
Q

What are the techniques of dictatorship?

A

Force and terror, indoctrination propaganda and censorship, scapegoating and directing public discontent, controlled participation, and the cult of the leader and vision.

95
Q

Force and terror:

A

A dictator must find ways of securing obedience all of the time. This is done by using violence, torture and intimidation by a secret police force and military.

96
Q

Indoctrination, Propaganda and Censorship:

A

Dictators try to induce voluntary obedience through the control of the media. This includes radio, TV, newspapers and advertising. Education and religion are strictly controlled to mirror the wishes of the elite. Intellectuals in society will be closely monitored or eliminated. Any books, media or material deemed offensive or a threat to the leader/ideology is removed from circulation or censored.

97
Q

Scapegoating and Directing Public Discontent:

A

When the dictator directs the people’s dissatisfactions into building hatred against real or imaginary enemies within the state or outside of the state so that the people will be too busy hating others, and they won’t blame the dictator for the problems within their society.

98
Q

Controlled Participation:

A

When the dictator gives the people the appearance of a voice in government without giving them a real voice. This can be done by: allowing “elections” of only elite candidates (so the dictator always wins) OR people must cast a vote publicly so that everyone sees who they vote for – voting against the dictator in public can be very “unhealthy.”

99
Q

Cult of the Leader and Vision:

A

Dictators have to present the image of being god-like or superhuman. People must have the impression that their leader(s) is infallible. Parades, rallies, statues and posters all can be used to portray this image. The wearing of military clothing also creates a hero image or can be used to relate to past national glory. Part of this technique also involves glorifying accomplishments (or fabricating them). Dictators also project a vision for what the country could be if it were led by them and them alone.

100
Q

Democratic Socialism:

A

Much of the property is held by the public through a democratically elected government, including most major industries, utilities, and transportation systems. There is a limit on the accumulation of private property and governmental regulation of the economy.

101
Q

What inspired Marxism?

A

Both Stalin & Lenin took inspiration from the “Communist Manifesto.” They formed a group called the SDLP (Social Democratic Labour Party which was banned by the Czar, and both Lenin and Stalin served time in Siberia. Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin worked together on an illegal newspaper called “Iskra,” and the SDLP split into the Bolsheviks (more radical) and the Mensheviks. Stalin helped raise money for the Bolsheviks by robbing banks, kidnapping for ransom and extortion.

102
Q

Leninism:

A

The land is given back to people, factories are given to the people (they got to decide wages), and men and women are considered equal, art and music were allowed to flourish as long as they glorified communism and the revolution. The market was made illegal, which banned private trade/ownership/property, the property was confiscated from the upper classes, businesses and factories were nationalized, surplus crops were seized, and consumer goods were rationed. A new Economic Policy was introduced afterwards - recognizing that war communism went too fast and allowed some ownership of farmland, deciding what they produced, and other limited economic freedoms, but the state still maintained control of banking, large industry, transportation & foreign trade.

103
Q

Stalinism:

A

Joseph Stalin takes over, exiles Leon Trotsky to Mexico, and then has him assassinated. Stalin claimed to be a “Marxist Leninist” but his desire for absolute power and control created his own brand of communism. Remember, Marxism called for the people to be in charge - NOT a dictatorship. He
created “Gulag” prison camps for those who opposed him. He used the secret police (NKVD) to control and terrorize people. Purges of 1936 and 1939 killed off opponents in his own party and military. He rewrote history by altering Soviet archives and photographs to serve his purposes. Rapid industrialization through Five-Year Plans causing massive human suffering.
Collectivization of all farms - private farms taken by force and turned into state farms.

104
Q

Nazism:

A

Collectivism, anti-liberalism, racism, extreme nationalism, business-state-military partnership, the cult of leadership.

105
Q

Dictatorship:

A

A form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations.

106
Q

Dissent:

A

The political act of disagreeing. Sometimes dissent takes the form of popularly organized opposition to a tradition or an official policy or statute.

107
Q

Eugenics:

A

The practice or advocacy of improving the human species by selectively mating people with specific desirable hereditary traits.

108
Q

Diplomacy:

A

The art and science of maintaining peaceful relationships between nations, groups, or individuals.

109
Q

How was the first UN peacekeeping force created?

A

Lester B. Pearson helped negotiate a peace settlement in Korea in 1953, leading to the creation of the first UN peacekeeping force based on the principle of impartiality.

110
Q

The Bandung Conference:

A

The Bandung Conference in Indonesia in 1955 was a meeting of those who didn’t want to take sides (African and Asian states). Many countries chose not to take sides and joined the “Non-aligned Movement.”

111
Q

What was the “ping pong” diplomacy event?

A

The US and Chinese national ping-pong teams played against each other in 1971 as a friendly way of bringing the two countries together, but it only happened by accident. “Ping-pong diplomacy” was so successful that in 1972, Richard Nixon became the first president of the US to visit China, a massive moment, given their ideological differences.

112
Q

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956:

A

It was a spontaneous protest against the Soviet control of Hungary. It spread quickly - after secret police fired upon them, civilians armed themselves and fought back, taking control of much of the country. The Soviet Union sent in troops to reaffirm their control, and nearly 2500 people died, and 200 000 Hungarians left the country. By 1957, nearly all opposition was gone - but the invasion harmed people in the West who sympathized with communism.

113
Q

Prague Spring, Czechoslovakia, 1968:

A

Refers to a period of liberation in Czechoslovakia when Alexander Dubcek came to power. He was more liberal, granting additional rights, more capitalism, less media censorship, and more freedom of speech. As a response, the Soviets invaded and replaced Dubcek, occupying Czechoslovakia until 1990 and reversing all of Dubcek’s reforms.

114
Q

Lech Walesa and Solidarity in Poland, 1980:

A

“Solidarity,” a union founded by Lech Walesa in Poland in 1980, was anti-communist in a communist country. It became so powerful that the Soviets had to negotiate, with semi-free elections being held in Poland in 1989 with Walesa as president. He created more anti-communist feelings in other communist countries.

115
Q

The Berlin Wall Falls, East Germany, 1989:

A

The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to keep East Germans (communists) from escaping to West Germany (liberal, democratic). People who tried to escape were shot. In 1989, a wave of democratic feeling and protest spread across Europe. In November of 1989, the barrier between East and West Germany was opened - and people tore down the wall, and people from both sides embraced! Some call this moment the unofficial end of the Cold War.

116
Q

Detente:

A

A french word meaning “easing of tensions.”

117
Q

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) I & II:

A

Designed to limit the number of anti-ballistic missiles that both sides had in their arsenals.

118
Q

ABM’s:

A

ABMs were part of a defence system designed to destroy nuclear weapons before they could hit (if the US and USSR didn’t have this, a nuclear war would be unwinnable, deterring a first-strike attack).

119
Q

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT):

A

It came into force in 1970 and was designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and encourage disarmament.

120
Q

Helsinki Accords:

A

Signed in 1975, it was a multifaceted agreement aimed at Detente (calming tension) and covered a range of issues, including political, military, and economic.

121
Q

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF):

A

Signed in 1987 by US Pres. Reagan and Soviet Chairman Gorbachev, it banned all land-based missiles with ranges of 500-1000km and 1000-5500km.

122
Q

Why did the Cold War end?

A

The Cold War officially ended in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed, creating many successor states. Some of the reasons were that the USSR couldn’t keep up with US military spending, both sides realized that a nuclear war couldn’t be won, and the leader of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, brought in economic and political changes that were more liberal:

123
Q

GLASNOST:

A

Openness, more liberal values.

124
Q

PERESTROIKA:

A

Restructuring the economy away from communism, and more toward liberal values.

125
Q

Were Traditional Indigeneous people collectivists or individualists?

A

Collectivists.

126
Q

What part of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects Indigenous collective rights?

A

Section 25.

127
Q

Environmentalism:

A

An ideology that seeks to protect and improve the environment for all and is inherently collectivist, which can challenge economic liberalism. This includes peaceful groups like Greenpeace and the Sierra Club and groups that support violence like the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), and individuals like the late Wiebo Ludwig.

128
Q

Postmodernism:

A

Postmodernism is a rejection of “modernism.” Some Postmodernist ideas include: No set moral or political ideas, skepticism that society can be improved and that society progresses through time, knowledge is relative to one’s own linguistic, historical and social context, and concern for marginalized people who have traditionally been ignored by mainstream society.

129
Q

Neo-conservatism:

A

Neo-Conservatism emerged in the 1950s and 1960s in the United States as a reaction to modern liberal principles that were “taken too far.” Neo-cons favour lower taxes, deregulation, and privatization in the economy, often resembling classical liberalism. Neo-conservatism grew in the 1980s with leaders like Ronald Reagan (US) and Margaret Thatcher (UK) and economists like Milton Friedman. Neo-conservatives are uncomfortable with the government providing services like education and health care; which challenges modern liberal values.

130
Q

Pro-patriotism & Interventionism:

A

Imposing Liberalism by force and for national interest & economic reasons.