Justice & Global Issues Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Relativism

A

The moral norms and practices always arise from and are understandable only w/in certain contexts. Values (including moral values) are nothing more than the customs and norms of a particular society. Argument from difference: morality is culturally dependant because there is no one “objective” moral value or set of values in the world independant of those endorsed by particular societies or communities. There are different moral practices in different places and at different times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Form of consequentialism What matters is the results; all other factors are irrelevant. The correct social and moral goal is to make as many people as happy as possible. Greatest good for the greatest number. No partiality or special treatment is morally acceptable. An action is morally required only if it produces the most overall wellbeing Utilitarians also think about how an act affects the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kantianism

A

Automony is the fundamental principle that overrides all others. Only applies to competent persons (excludes children) The limit to autonomy is another person’s autonomy The other principles matter when participants agree to let them matter (consent). Kantians think equality is about respect, happiness is subjective, and some people do not wish to be happy. Kantians would agree that there should be basic human rights as long as they are based on autonomy. Murder interferes with autonomy so it is wrong Would not switch the trolly to save lives Globalization is good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Virtue Ethics

A

Core idea: basic ethics on the character traits necessary for humans to flourish. Those who define the good, and right action.
V = R, S, I; V> U, A, J
Virtue is a mean (courageous) between extremes of deficiency (cowardice) and excess (foolhardiness)
Requires training and practice
Natural but not automatic (sports analogy)
Requires judgement in context
Involves reason and emotion/perception
Must be done with pleasure, pride, and ease
Sometimes there is more than 1 virtuous choice
Large difference in degree (elitism)
Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cosmopolitan

A

Emphasis on individuals (not families, nations, cultures, races, genders).
Strong: believe that ALL moral obligations go beyond borders and apply to all persons.
Weak: believe that only SOME moral obligations go beyond borders and apply to all persons.
Utilitarians: are strong cosmopolitans unless too hard to promote well-being across boarders –> then weak (genocide). In principle principle, strong cosmopolitans.
Kantians: are strong unless contract/promise –> nationalism
Virtue ethics: every culture has universal virtues but different meanings among cultures. Difficult to apply same concepts across boarders. Strong unless cultures shape virtues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rawls Theory of Justice

A

Two principles of justice: equal liberties & difference and equal opportunity
Equal liberties - Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others.
Difference and equal opportunity - social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: (a) to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society (the difference principle), (b) offices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
Argument from respect and fairness: (1) justice requires that we should respect one another as free and equal persons; (2) the only way to do this is to live by the rules we’d all agree to; (3) the only way to agree to rules is to assume a ‘veil of ignorance’; (4) behind the veil, we’d agree to two basic principles of justice (equal liberties for all and the difference principle); (5) so justice requires living according to the principles of equal liberty at the difference principle.
Global justice:
(1) Rawls thinks the two principles only apply within borders, because they involve a contract (we must have agreed to them); (2) Key - some ‘peoples’ hold ideologies that would not lead them to prioritize respect for individual freedom, and enter into the original position.
Alternative: ‘law of peoples’, respect for INDIVIDUAL freedom.
Principles of international morality: peoples are free, observe treaties, don’t intervene, have right to self-defense, honor human rights, restrict conduct of war, assist other peoples who lack “a just or decent political or social regime.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Moellendorf (Rawls Theory of Justice)

A

Global economic order is an institution that involves everyone, so two principles of justice can apply globally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nationalism

A

Special obligation to follow citizens; possibly none to other nations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Political Realism

A

The view that no moral rules apply between states unless there’s a contract (treaty). Otherwise , national interest prevails.
Like Hobbes view of morality generally (SN)
RSI> U, A, J, & V
The ‘fool’ thinks violating contract will benefit hum, but in the long run, will lead to his ruin (can fool some of the people…)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly