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Vertebrate Zoology > Just the morphological traits > Flashcards

Just the morphological traits Flashcards

1
Q

Provide four anatomical traits exclusively shared by extant vertebrates

A
  1. Vertebrae
  2. Elaborate skulls
  3. Extrinsic eye muscles
  4. At least 2 semicircular canals
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2
Q

Provide four anatomical and/or embryological traits shared by extant craniates

A
  1. Skull
  2. Five-part brain
  3. At least 1 semi-circular canal
  4. Endoskeleton
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3
Q

Provide four anatomical traits shared by extant hagfish

A
  1. No paired fins
  2. Single caudal fin
  3. Scale-less skin
  4. Four hearts
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4
Q

Provide four distinctive features of extant lampreys

A
  1. Anterior and posterior dorsal fins
  2. Single small dorsal nostril
  3. Two semicircular canals
  4. Velum
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5
Q

Provide four structural characteristics of extant lampreys that they share with extant jawed vertebrates

A
  1. Vertebrae
  2. Elaborate skull
  3. Extrinsic eye muscles
  4. At least 2 semi-circular canals
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6
Q

Provide four distinctive features of extant jawed vertebrates

A
  1. Movable jaws
  2. Paired nasal sacs
  3. Complex gill arches
  4. Three semicircular canals
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7
Q

Provide four key structural or embryological characteristics of the jaws

A
  1. Upper and lower jaw cartilaginous precursors
  2. Posterior hinge
  3. Often carrying teeth
  4. Primitively simple opening and closing devices performing vertical movements
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8
Q

Provide four general morphological features shared by extant sharks

A
  1. Fusiform bodies
  2. Enlarged snout region
  3. Lateral gill slits
  4. Teeth with enlarged bases
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9
Q

Provide four anatomical traits observed in extant cartilaginous fish

A
  1. Tesserate calcified cartilage
  2. Anterior fontanelle
  3. Pelvic claspers in males
  4. Placoid scales
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10
Q

Provide four anatomical and/or embryological traits shared by extant bony fish

A
  1. Rooted teeth
  2. Large dermal bones on skull and pectoral girdle
  3. Swim bladder/lungs
  4. Bony fin rays
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11
Q

Provide four diagnostic characteristics of modern amphibians

A
  1. Smooth and wet skins with mucous and granular glands
  2. loss of bones at the back of the skull roof
  3. palatal vacuities partly bordered by palatines
  4. four or fewer fingers (where present) in anterior limb
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12
Q

Provide four distinctive features of the skull of extant frogs

A
  1. enlarged orbits
  2. strap-shaped and horizontally orientated palatine
  3. wide and T-shaped floor of braincase
  4. triradiate pterygoids
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13
Q

Provide four structural characteristics of the postcranial skeleton of modern salamanders

A
  1. anterior and posterior limbs of subequal length
  2. poorly differentiated vertebrae
  3. stumpy ribs
  4. abbreviated transverse rib-bearing processes
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14
Q

Provide four morphological characteristics of modern frogs

A
  1. Toothless lower jaw
  2. Enlarged orbits
  3. Urostyle
  4. Ribs generally absent
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15
Q

Provide four morphological characteristics of modern salamanders

A
  1. Short stumpy ribs
  2. Tail in both larvae and adults
  3. Gill slits/external gills in aquatic larvae
  4. Teeth on both jaws
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16
Q

Provide four morphological characteristics of modern caecilians

A
  1. eyes reduced in size or absent
  2. two sets of jaw-closing muscles
  3. scales embedded in skin
  4. absence of girdles and limbs
17
Q

Provide four defensive mechanisms adopted by extant salamanders

A
  1. Biting
  2. Warning colours
  3. Body posture
  4. Tail autotomy
18
Q

Provide four diagnostic characteristics of modern amniotes

A
  1. long neck
  2. long and curved ribs
  3. strongly domed skull
  4. amniotic egg
    Mostly four limbed
    Three- or four- chambered heart
    Size varying from fractions of an inch to over 30 metres
    Internal fertilisation
19
Q

Provide four distinctive features of the amniotic egg

A
  1. porous leathery or hard shell
  2. amniotic fluid
  3. albumen
  4. air-filled space
20
Q

Provide four diagnostic characteristics of extant turtles

A
  1. anapsid skull with posterior emargination
  2. retractable necks
  3. keratinous beak
  4. well developed olfactory bulbs
21
Q

Provide four diagnostic characteristics of modern crocodiles

A
  1. elongate snouts
  2. eyes,ears and nostrils situated dorsally on the head
  3. thick skin covered in non-overlapping scutes
  4. nostril closure underwater
22
Q

Provide four distinctive features of archosaurs

A
  1. Improved limb posture
  2. teeth embedded in sockets in upper and lower jaws
  3. reduced pineal foramen
  4. two-headed cervical ribs
23
Q

Provide four morphological and/or functional roles for crocodile scutes

A
  1. protection
  2. thermoregulation
  3. buffering against acidosis
  4. bracing function for trunk musculature
24
Q

Provide four anatomical characteristics of modern birds

A
  1. Air sacs
  2. Feathers
  3. Bill
  4. Wings
25
Q

Provide four anatomical and/or physiological features of the bird respiratory system

A
  1. unidirectional air flow through the lungs
  2. expansion/contraction of ribs and sternum
  3. set of parabronchs
  4. respiratory cycle consisting of two inhalations and two exhalations
26
Q

Provide four functional roles for bird feathers

A
  1. protection
  2. insulation
  3. display
  4. communication
27
Q

Provide four distinctive features of the reproductive biology of squamates

A
  1. egg brooding in some species
  2. nest building in some species
  3. internal fertilization
  4. leathery to calcified egg shells
28
Q

Provide four anatomical characteristics of modern mammals

A
  1. mammary glands
  2. Hair
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Diaphragm
29
Q

Provide four functional roles for mammalian hair

A
  1. protection
  2. insulation
  3. defence
  4. camouflage
30
Q

Provide four diagnostic anatomical traits of primates

A
  1. grasping hands and feet with apposable thumbs and toes
  2. elongated heel bone
  3. Hallux baring nails
  4. hindlimb dominance
31
Q

Provide four anatomical characteristics of perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates)

A
  1. odd number of toes on front and/or hind feet
  2. elongate facial region of the skull
  3. reduced ulna and fibula
  4. absence of collar bone
32
Q

Provide four diagnostic features of lagomorphs (pikas and rabbits)

A
  1. short tail
  2. two pairs of upper incisors
  3. smooth-surfaced brain
  4. enamel on front and back of incisors
33
Q

Provide four morphological features shared by carnivores

A
  1. relatively enlarged brain cavity
  2. exclusively vertical movement of lower jaw
  3. strong sagittal crest
  4. enlarged and blade-like last upper premolar and first lower molar
34
Q

What are the first 4 steps to the feeding mechanism suction feeding in lampreys

A
  1. Buccal funnel contracts annular muscles which create suction
  2. Funnel narrows + anchors keratinous teeth
  3. Lamprey activates protractor muscle
  4. Lingual cartilage pulled forwards + pushes tongue outwards + downwards
35
Q

What are steps 5-9 to suction feeding in lampreys

A
  1. Salivary glands secrete anticoagulant
  2. Retractor muscles pull tongue inwards + upwards
  3. Scraping action of tongue - Flesh fluid
  4. Ingestion
  5. Velum = Allows lamprey to eat and breathe
36
Q

What is vortical cross-step filtration in paddlefish

A
  1. Water enters through mouth
  2. Interacts with a series of backwards facing steps formed by the branchial arches
  3. Resulting vortical flow interacts with gill rakers to concentrate particles in zones along the steps
  4. Filtrate passes to gill filaments where gas exchange occurs.
37
Q

What is cross-flow filtration in bony fish

A
  1. Water enters through mouth
  2. Travels over branchial arches + concentrate particles in the posterior oral cavity
  3. Filtrate exits between gill rakers
  4. Passes the gill filaments where gas exchange occurs

Vertebrate Zoology (13 decks)

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