Exam stuff

Question 1

What are Urodelans?

Answer 1

Salamanders and Newts

Question 2

Give examples of diagnostic features of Urodelans

Answer 2

Tail in both larvae and adults
Teeth on both jaws
Short stumpy ribs
Gill slits/external gills in aquatic larvae

Question 3

What are Anurans?

Answer 3

Frogs

Question 4

Give examples of diagnositc features of Anurans?

Answer 4

Nine or fewer presacral vertebae
Developing tail vertebrae forming urostlye
Tongue without skeletal support from hyoid
Large subcutaneous lymph spaces

Question 5

What are cyclostomes?

Answer 5

Hagfish and Lapreys

Question 6

What are the diagnostic features of chordate deuterosomes?

Answer 6

Notochord
Hollow dorsal nerve chord
Spinal ganglia
Post-anal tail

Question 7

Give examples of diagnostic features of craniates

Answer 7

Skull
Five-part brain
Nerual crest
Endoskeleton

Question 8

Give examples of features both lampreys and jawed vertebrates share

Answer 8

Vertebrae
Elaborate skulls
Extrinsic eye muscles
At least 2 semicircular canals

Question 9

Give some diagnostic features of hagfish

Answer 9

No elaborate skull
1 semicircular canal
No dorsal fin
Blood isotonic with water

Question 10

Give some diagnostic features of lampreys

Answer 10

Slightly elaborate skull
Single dorsal nostril atop the head
Simple vertebrate
2 semicircular canals

Question 11

What are the characteristics of modern crocodiles?

Answer 11

Long flat snouts with eyes, ears and nostril ontop of head
1-7 metres long
Ectotherms
Thick skin
Heart with 4 chambers

Question 12

What are the characteristics of Archosaurs?

Answer 12

Belly breathing
Cervical ribs with two heads
Improved limb posture-vertically under the body
7-8 cervical vertebrae

Question 13

What are Archosaurs?

Answer 13

Crocodiles and birds

Question 14

What are the diagnostic features of primates?

Answer 14

Grasping hands with opposable thumbs and toes
Hallux bearing nail
Elongation of the heel bone
Hindlimb dominance

Question 15

What are the diagnostic features of mammals?

Answer 15

Hair
Sweat glands
Diaphram
Four-chambered heart

Question 16

What are the diagnostic features of testudines?

Answer 16

Anapsid skull
Retractable neck
Ectothermic
Massive beaks

Question 17

What are Testudines?

Answer 17

Turtles,
Tortoises
Terrapins

Question 18

What are the characteristics of Amniotes?

Answer 18

Mostly four limbed
Three- or four- chambered heart
Size varying from fractions of an inch to over 30 metres
Internal fertilisation

Question 19

What are Amniotes?

Answer 19

Mammals
Turtles
Lizard
Crocodylians
Birds

Question 20

What are some of the key points to note about the hagfish skeleton?

Answer 20

The skeleton is situated mostly in the head and in the anterior-most trunk region
The head skeleton consists of slender cartilaginous elements
There is no braincase
There are sledner rays in the caudal fin

Question 21

What are the key points to note about the lamprey skeleton?

Answer 21

The skeleton is situated mostly in the head and along to trunk region
The skeleton consists of slender cartilaginous elements including simple arch-like dorsal vertebrae
There is a branchial basket
There are slender rays in the caudal fin

Question 22

What is crossflow filtration in bony fish?

Answer 22

Water enters through the mouth
Travels through the branchial arches and concentrate particles in the posterior oral cavity
Filtrate exits between gill rakers
Passes the gill filaments where gas exchange occurs

Question 23

What is vertical cross-step filtration (paddlefish)?

Answer 23

Water enters through the mouth
Interacts with a series of backwards-facing steps formed by branchial arches
Resulting vortical flow interacts with gill rakers to concentrate particle in zones along the steps
Filtrate passes to gill filaments where gas exchange occurs