JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
What are the three levels of the psyche according to Jung?
Conscious
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
How did Jung define consciousness?
Consciousness consists of images sensed by the ego.
How does Jung’s concept of the ego differ from Freud’s?
Jung saw the ego as the center of consciousness, not the core of personality.
The self is the true center of personality, largely unconscious.
What happens if one overemphasizes consciousness?
It can lead to psychological imbalance.
A healthy person is in touch with both their conscious world and unconscious self.
What is the personal unconscious?
It contains repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences unique to an individual.
What is individuation?
The process of integrating conscious and unconscious elements to achieve self-realization.
What are some contents of the personal unconscious?
Repressed infantile memories
Forgotten experiences
Perceptions below the threshold of consciousness
How does Jung’s concept of the personal unconscious compare to Freud’s unconscious?
It is similar to Freud’s unconscious + preconscious combined.
What are complexes?
emotionally toned groups of ideas stored in the personal unconscious.
What is the collective unconscious?
It consists of inherited experiences passed down through generations.
How does the collective unconscious differ from the personal unconscious?
The personal unconscious is formed by individual experiences.
The collective unconscious is inherited from ancestors and shared across humanity.
What are the physical contents of the collective unconscious?
They are biologically inherited and passed through generations as psychic potential.
How does the collective unconscious influence people?
Myths, legends, and religious beliefs.
Big dreams (dreams with universal meaning).
Innate tendencies to react in certain ways.
Do people inherit ideas directly in the collective unconscious
No, they inherit predispositions to react in certain ways based on past experiences.
What are archetypes?
Universal symbols or patterns inherited from the collective unconscious.
How many biological predispositions do humans have?
As many as they have typical situations in life.
How do these predispositions evolve?
They begin as forms without content.
Through repetition, they develop specific content and become archetypes.
What are archetypes?
Archetypes are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious.
How do archetypes differ from complexes?
Archetypes are generalized and originate from the collective unconscious, while complexes are individualized components of the personal unconscious.
How did Jung differentiate archetypes from instincts?
Instincts are unconscious physical impulses toward action, while archetypes are the psychic counterparts of instincts.
What did Jung compare archetypes to in animals?
Just as animals have instinctual behaviors without being taught, humans possess primordial psychic patterns (archetypes) that manifest spontaneously.
How do archetypes originate?
they have a biological basis and arise from the repeated experiences of human ancestors.
How do archetypes express themselves?
through dreams, fantasies, and delusions.
Why did Jung consider dreams important in studying archetypes?
Dreams contain motifs that cannot be known through personal experience but align with ancient and universal symbols.
How did Jung use hallucinations to support archetypes?
He observed that some hallucinations of psychotic patients contained mythological symbols they could not have known.
What was the sun-phallus hallucination?
A paranoid schizophrenic patient claimed he could see the sun’s phallus moving and causing the wind.
What was Freud’s concept of phylogenetic endowment?
Freud believed people inherit predispositions to action but only considered them when individual explanations failed.
How did Jung link this hallucination to an ancient myth?
A Greek text from the Mithraic cult described a similar vision, proving the existence of archetypal knowledge in the collective unconscious.
How did Jung’s view differ from Freud’s?
Jung placed primary emphasis on the collective unconscious and its autonomous archetypes, while Freud prioritized personal unconscious experiences.
What are the key archetypes according to Jung?
Persona, Shadow, Anima, Animus, Great Mother, Wise Old Man, Hero, and Self.
What is the persona?
The persona is the “mask” individuals present to the world, shaped by social expectations.
What is the danger of over-identifying with the persona?
Losing individuality and becoming dependent on society’s expectations.
What is the shadow?
The shadow represents the dark, repressed side of personality, including both destructive and creative tendencies.
Why is acknowledging the shadow important?
Failing to integrate the shadow can lead to projecting negative qualities onto others.
What is the anima?
The feminine side of a man, originating from ancestral experiences with women.
Why is the anima difficult for men to integrate?
It requires emotional and psychological exploration, often blocked by intellectual barriers.
How does the anima influence men?
It affects their moods and their perceptions of women, often leading to misunderstandings in relationships.
Animus (Masculine Archetype in Women)
Symbolizes thinking and reasoning in women.
Influences thinking but does not belong to an individual; it belongs to the collective unconscious.
Originates from prehistoric women’s encounters with men.
Women risk projecting ancestral and personal experiences onto men.
Responsible for irrational thinking and prefabricated beliefs in women.
Appears in dreams, visions, and fantasies in a personified form.
Great Mother Archetype
Possessed by both men and women.
Represents both nurturing (fertility) and destructive (power) forces.
Wise Old Man Archetype
Represents wisdom and meaning.
Symbolizes preexisting knowledge about life’s mysteries but cannot be directly accessed by an individual.
Politicians and leaders often use pseudoknowledge to mislead others by activating this archetype.
The unconscious cannot directly impart its wisdom, making this archetype vulnerable to manipulation.
Hero Archetype
Represents a powerful figure (sometimes part-god) who fights evil forces.
Faces great challenges (dragons, serpents, monsters, villains).
However, every hero has a vulnerability (Achilles’ heel, Superman’s kryptonite).
Origin: emerged from the dawn of human consciousness, symbolizing the victory over darkness (ignorance).
Society is fascinated with heroes because they provide an ideal model of personality.
Self Archetype (The Central Archetype)
Most comprehensive archetype – integrates all others in the process of self-realization.
Symbolized by mandala (circle within a square, square within a circle, concentric figures).
Seeks order, balance, wholeness in personality.
Includes both conscious and unconscious elements.
Different from ego (which represents only consciousness).
Self-realization = unity of opposing forces (male/female, good/evil, light/dark).
Fully achieving self-realization is rare but exists as an ideal in the collective unconscious.
Symbols of the self: Jesus, Buddha, Krishna, mandalas.
Yin-Yang represents the balance of opposites within the self.
What is causality in Jung’s theory of personality?
Causality holds that present events originate from previous experiences. Jung criticized Freud for overemphasizing causality in explaining adult behavior through childhood experiences.
How did Freud and Jung differ in their views on causality?
Freud relied heavily on causality, explaining adult behavior through early childhood experiences. Jung argued that causality alone could not explain all motivation.
What is teleology in Jung’s theory of personality?
Teleology suggests that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future, directing a person’s destiny.
What is teleology in Jung’s theory of personality?.
Teleology suggests that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future, directing a person’s destiny.
How did Jung criticize Freud and Adler regarding causality and teleology?
Jung criticized Freud for focusing too much on causality, while he was less critical of Adler, who emphasized teleology. Jung insisted that motivation comes from both past causes and future goals.
How did Jung view dreams in relation to causality and teleology?
Jung agreed with Freud that dreams can stem from past experiences (causality) but also argued that some dreams help in making future decisions (teleology).
What is progression in Jung’s theory?
Progression is the forward flow of psychic energy, helping a person adapt to the external environment and respond consistently to environmental conditions.
What is regression in Jung’s theory?
Regression is the backward flow of psychic energy, helping a person adapt to the inner world by activating the unconscious psyche, which is essential for solving problems.
Why are both progression and regression necessary for self-realization?
Progression allows adaptation to external reality, while regression enables engagement with the unconscious. Together, they create balance and aid in personal growth.
What are Jung’s psychological types based on?
Psychological types arise from the union of two basic attitudes—introversion and extraversion—and four functions—thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting.
How did Jung define an attitude?
An attitude is a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. Each person has both introverted and extraverted attitudes, but one is typically conscious while the other is unconscious.
What is introversion according to Jung?
Introversion is the turning inward of psychic energy, with an orientation toward the subjective, inner world of fantasies, dreams, and personal perceptions.
How did Jung’s personal experiences illustrate introversion?
Jung’s midlife crisis was a period of extreme introversion, where he withdrew from external responsibilities and focused on self-exploration, dreams, and visions.
What is extraversion according to Jung?
Extraversion is the turning outward of psychic energy, focusing on the objective world, surroundings, and external realities rather than inner experiences.
: How do introverts and extraverts differ in their perception of reality?
Introverts selectively perceive the external world based on subjective interpretations.
Extraverts focus more on objective reality and are suspicious of subjectivity.
How are healthy individuals balanced between introversion and extraversion?
Healthy individuals have a balanced psyche, feeling comfortable in both their inner and external worlds.
How did Jung classify Freud’s and Adler’s theories in terms of attitudes?
jung classified Freud’s theory as extraverted because it reduced experiences to external factors like sex and aggression.
He classified Adler’s theory as introverted because it emphasized subjective perceptions and fictional final goals.
What are the four psychological functions in Jung’s theory?
Sensing – Recognizes that something exists.
Thinking – Determines its meaning.
Feeling – Judges its value.
Intuiting – Knows about it without knowing how.
What is thinking in Jung’s psychological functions?
Thinking is logical intellectual activity that forms a chain of ideas and can be either extraverted or introverted.
What characterizes an extraverted thinking type?
Relies on concrete and externally transmitted knowledge.
Common in mathematicians, engineers, and accountants.
Tends to be objective and logical.
What characterizes an introverted thinking type?
Highly subjective and creative interpretation of reality.
Common in inventors and philosophers.
At extremes, leads to unproductive mystical thoughts.
What is the function of feeling in Jung’s theory?
Feeling is the process of evaluating an idea or event, similar to valuing. It is distinct from sensing and intuiting and should not be confused with emotion.
How does feeling differ from emotion?
Feeling is the evaluation of every conscious activity, even those deemed indifferent. It can lead to emotions if intensity increases enough to stimulate physiological changes.
What is the difference between extraverted and introverted feeling types?
Extraverted Feeling: Bases value judgments on objective data and external values. Sociable but may appear artificial or unreliable. Common in businesspeople and politicians.
Introverted Feeling: Makes value judgments based on subjective perceptions. Often found in art critics. May appear distant or indifferent to others.
What is the function of sensing in Jung’s theory?
Sensing is the perception of sensory stimuli as absolute facts. It does not depend on logical thinking or feeling.
What is the difference between extraverted and introverted sensing types?
extraverted Sensing: Perceives external stimuli objectively and realistically. Common in proofreaders, house painters, and wine tasters.
Introverted Sensing: Influenced by subjective sensations and personal interpretations. Common in portrait artists. At extremes, may lead to hallucinations or incomprehensible speech.
What is intuition in Jung’s theory?
Intuition is perception beyond conscious awareness. It differs from sensing as it adds or subtracts elements from raw sensory data.
What is the difference between extraverted and introverted intuitive types?
Extraverted Intuition: Perceives facts subliminally rather than fully sensing them. Suppresses sensory stimuli and relies on hunches. Common in inventors.
Introverted Intuition: Guided by unconscious perception of subjective facts. Found in mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists, and religious fanatics
How are the four functions ranked in an individual’s personality?
Functions appear in a hierarchy: one is superior, another is secondary, and the remaining two are inferior. Most people cultivate only one function, while some develop two, and very few mature individuals cultivate three.
How do Jung’s attitudes (introversion and extraversion) interact with psychological functions?
Psychological functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting) combine with attitudes (introversion and extraversion), forming eight psychological types.
What are the characteristics of extraverted feeling individuals?
They rely on external values and social standards, are sociable, but may seem artificial or unreliable due to their tendency to conform.
What are the characteristics of introverted feeling individuals?
They rely on subjective values, are often taciturn, ignore social norms, and may appear distant or indifferent to others.
What are the characteristics of extraverted sensing individuals?
They rely on external values and social standards, are sociable, but may seem artificial or unreliable due to their tendency to conform.
What are the characteristics of introverted feeling individuals
They rely on subjective values, are often taciturn, ignore social norms, and may appear distant or indifferent to others.
What are the characteristics of introverted sensing individuals?
They interpret sensory stimuli subjectively and may communicate their perceptions through art. At extremes, they may experience hallucinations.
What are the characteristics of extroverted sensing individuals?
They perceive external stimuli objectively and are practical. Found in jobs requiring sensory discrimination, such as proofreaders and wine tasters.
What are the characteristics of extraverted intuitive individuals?
They rely on hunches and guesses rather than direct sensory experience. Often found in inventors and entrepreneurs.
What are the characteristics of introverted intuitive individuals?
They follow subjective unconscious perceptions and are often mystics, prophets, or surrealistic artists.
Development of Personality
Personality develops through life stages, culminating in self-realization (individuation).
Self-Realization
The process of integrating all aspects of personality to form a unified self.
Stages of Development
Childhood – Three phases: anarchic (chaotic awareness), monarchic (ego development), and dualistic (subjective/objective ego distinction).
Youth – Period of independence, career-building, and struggle with the conservative principle (resistance to change).
Middle Life – Begins around 35-40 years; requires a shift in values to avoid stagnation.
Old Age – Involves acceptance of death as the goal of life.
Self-Realization [challenges]
Rarely achieved before middle life.
Requires courage to confront unconscious elements.
Self-Realization [key elements]
Recognizing and integrating the shadow (unconscious negative traits)
Accepting the anima/animus (inner feminine/masculine aspects).
Achieving balance between introversion and extraversion.
Elevating all four functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, intuition).
Jung’s Methods of Investigation
[Criticism of Narrow Perspectives]
He believed no single field had a monopoly on studying personality.
Jung’s Methods of Investigation
[Holistic Approach]
jung explored multiple disciplines (sociology, history, anthropology, biology, physics, philology, religion, mythology, and philosophy) to understand human personality.
Jung’s Methods of Investigation
[Defense Against Mysticism]
Jung rejected being labeled as a mystic, emphasizing scientific investigation.
Jung’s Methods of Investigation
[Heart and Mind Approach]
He believed the psyche couldn’t be understood by intellect alone but required an emotional connection.
The Word Association Test
used to confirm Freud’s idea of unconscious autonomy, detects feeling-toned complexes through physical reactions and verbal responses. Inconsistencies in responses can lead to test inconsistencies.
Dream Analysis
Dreams are considered expressions of personal and collective unconscious, with dreams serving as a tool for self-realization and understanding beyond conscious comprehension.
Dream analysis aims to uncover unconscious elements and compensate for waking emotions, such as feminine elements.
Dream types include big, typical, and early remembered ones. Dream settings can represent consciousness, personal unconscious, or collective unconscious.
Freud’s interpretation of dreams is death wishes, while Jung’s interpretation is a discovery of the primitive man within himself.
Active Imagination
Jung’s technique of fantasy and creativity allowed unconscious elements to surface during self-analysis and with patients. It encourages communication with unconscious elements, overcomes resistance, and is preferred over dream analysis due to its clearer, reproducible nature.
4 Stages in psychotherapy
Confession;Interpretation, Explanation, Elucidation
;Education of Patients as Social Beings; Transformation
Stage 1: Confession
Cathartic method (influenced by Josef Breuer and Anna O.).
Patients release pathogenic secrets
Stage 2: Interpretation, Explanation, Elucidation
Freudian approach: Insight into neuroses.
Limitation: Doesn’t help with social adjustment.
Stage 3: Education of Patients as Social Beings
Adlerian approach: Helps patients adapt socially.
Limitation: Doesn’t necessarily lead to deeper self-realization.
Stage 4: Transformation
The therapist must first be psychologically healthy.
Helps patients move toward individuation, wholeness, and self-realization.
Especially useful for individuals in the second half of life
