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Geography > June Exam > Flashcards

June Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Define single isolated farmstead

A

Has various outbuildings

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2
Q

Define The hamlet

A

A loose grouping of a few farmsteads

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3
Q

Define a village

A

A dense grouping of a considerable number of farmsteads

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4
Q

Define a town or market town

A

Town supplies the needs of an outer lying community

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5
Q

Define a city

A

Any large town

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6
Q

Define a metropolis

A

The main city of a country, a large city surrounded by dependent towns

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7
Q

Define the conurbation

A

A conurbation is a large settlement that consists of cities or towns, with little room between them

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8
Q

What is the greek meaning of megalopolis?

A

A very large city

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9
Q

What are the properties of a rural settlement?

A

Usually small, less than 2000 people
Usually involved in primary activities, eg. Fishing, forestry, mining and farming
The food producers live in rural settlements
Farming can be subsistence or commercial

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10
Q

What are the properties of an urban area?

A

Large settlements, more services provided
Involved in secondary activities, including manufacturing and processing and tertiary activities, including sales and services
Urban settlements are multifunctional
All urban settlements are nucleated

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11
Q

What is a peri-urban settlements?

A

Large informal settlements usually found on the outskirts of urban areas as a result of the rapid growth of cities
Fewer services such as no electricity, no piped water, and no refuse removal

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12
Q

What are the areas for different activities called?

A

Functional areas

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13
Q

Where is the CBD located?

A

Located in the middle of the city where transport routes intersect

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14
Q

What does the CBD stand for?

A

Central business district

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15
Q

Where is the out laying business districts located?

A

In new parts of expanding urban areas

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16
Q

Where are regional shopping centres located?

A

In suburban areas

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17
Q

Where is the light industry located?

A

Closer to the CBD

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18
Q

Where is the heavy industry located?

A

Outside urban areas on the outskirts of urban area

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19
Q

Where is low income housing located?

A

Close to the CBD

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20
Q

Where is the middle income located?

A

Suburbs beyond CBD

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21
Q

Where is the high income located?

A

Further from the CBD

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22
Q

Where are the public buildings and municipal offices located?

A

Throughout the city, large administration centres concentrated in the CBD

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23
Q

Where are the open spaces located?

A

In the corridors and isolated pockets in the city

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24
Q

What type of settlements are fishing settlements?

A

Nucleated settlements

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25
Q

What type of settlements are farming settlements?

A

Both dispersed and nucleated settlements

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26
Q

What type of settlements are mining settlements?

A

Nucleated settlements

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27
Q

What type of settlements are forestry settlements?

A

Nucleated settlements

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28
Q

Define Urbanisation

A

To move from rural areas to urban areas

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29
Q

What is a millionaire city?

A

A city with a population greater than one million people

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30
Q

What is the population of New York?

A

Ten million

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31
Q

What is the population of Cairo?

A

Eleven million

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32
Q

What happens when cities grow too quickly?

A

The cities join up and become conurbations

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33
Q

What is the largest city in South Africa?

A

Johannesburg

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34
Q

What are some push factors of rural areas?

A 
No jobs 
No services 
No entertainment 
Natural disasters 
Conflict 
Less money 
Less resources
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35
Q

What are some pull factors of urban areas?

A 
Services 
Medical 
Jobs 
Entertainment 
Housing 
Less conflict
Tertiary education 
More resources
36
Q

What is a person who moves to the urban areas in search of a job called?

A

A migrant worker

37
Q

What is the problem with people moving to the urban areas?

A

Rural depopulation
Ghost villages
Only young children and old people are left due to working women and men leaving
Decline in food and crops
Increased rural poverty
Land not well managed leads to environmental problems like soil erosion and deforestation

38
Q

What is the problem with rural depopulation?

A

It causes a lack of workers in the rural areas to farm and fish

39
Q

Why do people move back to rural areas?

A

From the result of urban vulnerability, Jobs become less and less, and there are not enough resources for everybody

40
Q

What is the result of urban vulnerability?

A

Counter migration

41
Q

What is urban vulnerability?

A

insufficient jobs and housing causes people to return to rural areas

42
Q

What is the impact on urban areas from rural urban migration?

A

Migrants from rural areas need somewhere to live, thus informal settlements grow around towns and cities
Rural migrants place additional strain on schools, medical resources and other settlements
Unemployment increases when there are not enough jobs, this leads to an increase in crime and urban poverty

43
Q

Define emigration

A

People leaving their country in search of a better life from poor living circumstances

44
Q

What happens when the number of emigrants in a country is high?

A

A decline in the economy occurs

45
Q

What is an immigrant?

A

A person moving from one country into the receiving country

46
Q

What are some urban vulnerabilities?

A

Drugs, Alcohol, crime and squatting

47
Q

How many informal settlements are in South Africa?

A

2700

48
Q

Why is trade and transport linked?

A

Transport makes trade, imports and exports possible

49
Q

What are the speeds that all modes of transport travel?

A

Cars at 120km/hour
Trains at 210-300km/hour
Areoplanes at 800-950km/hour
Ships at 23 knots/43km/hour

50
Q

Give properties of a container ship

A
  1. Most inexpensive and efficient transport
  2. Containers can be packed, checked and sealed at factories
  3. Containers are all standard size, this can be loaded to and from trains to harbours
  4. Container ships can carry: break - bulk - cargo
  5. Dry cargo
51
Q

Give properties of a tanker

A

Transports liquids in bulk

E.g. Oils, chemicals, liquefied natural gas

52
Q

Give properties of a bulk carrier

A

Transports bulk cargo, unpacked cargo transported in the hull of the ship in large volumes
These carriers can carry up to 400 000 metric tons of deadweight, eg. grain, coal, ore and cement
Loading and unloading can be very dangerous and can take up to 120 hours on larger ships

53
Q

Give properties of a reefer ship

A

These ships include heavy lift goods, thus they have cranes on board or refrigerated cargo

54
Q

Give properties of a roro ship

A

Roll on/roll off. These ships are designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, trains ect
Vehicles are driven on and off on their own wheels

55
Q

Give properties of a passenger liner

A

Ferrie (waterbus/watertaxi) - short sea trips for passengers and vehicles
Ocean liner - limited passengers but carries mostly freight
Cruise ship - Passengers and crew only. Taken on round trips

56
Q

Give the properties of air transport

A

Air transport is a very expensive method of transporting products and usually only used for small technological products
Air transport is a fast way to move products but airports need large areas of flat land for planes to land and take off. It also needs transport from the airport to its destination
Goods that need to be transported quickly over long distances and goods that arent heavy or bulky
Eg. fresh flowers, important documents, jewellery, medical products and fresh foods

57
Q

Give the properties of road transport

A
  • Road transport, which uses trucks, has become a popular mode of transport for products.
  • It is a fast way and convenient door-to-door method of transportation.
  • Road transport can be damaging to the atmosphere because of carbon emissions.
  • Volume and weight of goods means roads need to be mended continually.
58
Q

Give the properties of rail transport

A
  • Rail transport is used to move bulk (large) materials and is a cheaper way of moving large quantities of heavy minerals or metals.
  • It takes longer than road transport as an entire train needs to be loaded before it can leave the station.
  • It also requires transport to the destination once arriving at the next station.
  • Heavy things like coal, iron ore, motor cars, vehicle parts and machinery are transported by rail.
  • Also carry containers for shipping.
59
Q

Give the properties of pipelines

A
  • Pipelines are used to move liquid commodities like oil, fuel and gas across large areas of land.
  • Water can also be transported in pipelines from water-rich areas to water-poor areas.
  • Pipeline transport can be dangerous as pipelines can be damaged by earthquakes and people interfering with them.
  • Pipelines help make roads less congested.
  • Fuel flows 7km / hour.
60
Q

What are the functions of Durban harbour?

A

Multicargo harbour
Car-shipping terminal
Container Terminal

61
Q

What is the function of Richards bay harbour?

A

Built for exporting coal and bulk cargoes

Fishing town

62
Q

What is the purpose of the East London harbour?

A

Has the largest grain silo
Car terminal
Multipurpose terminal

63
Q

What is the Ngqura harbour for?

A

Cargo terminal

64
Q

What is the function of the port elizabeth harbour?

A

Container terminal

Handles fruit, citrus fruit and wool

65
Q

What is the function of the Mossel Bay harbour?

A

Important fishing harbour

Offshore natural gas reserves

66
Q

What is the function of Cape Town harbour?

A 
Passenger ships pass through it 
Two docks 
Ben Schoeman dock with a container terminal and the Duncan dock with a multipurpose terminal and fruit terminal 
Sturrock dry dock 
Repair quay 
Tanker basin
67
Q

What is a dry dock?

A

Dry docks are used to service and repair ships. Ships enter the dock, the gates are closed and the water in the dock is pumped out. Repairs can be done and the water is then pumped back in and the ship sails out

68
Q

What is the function of the Saldanha dock harbour?

A

Links with railways built for the transport of iron ore

Handles iron ore

69
Q

What is dredging?

A

The removal of sand from the seabed in order to create more space for larger and deeper ships

70
Q

What is pilotage?

A

The process of a ship pilot being brought on board to manoeuvre the ship into harbour. It is compulsory for all ships to bring a pilot on board 1.6 miles and 155 degrees off of the main breaker. Pilots are brought on board with pilot boats

71
Q

What is a synchro lift?

A

The Syncrolift shiplift is a piece of equipment for lifting boats, ships and vessels onto land and back at sea for maintenance work or repair.

72
Q

What is a repair quay?

A

a structure built parallel to the bank of a waterway for use as a landing place.

73
Q

What is a gantry crane?

A

To remove containers off and on container ships

74
Q

What is a grain elevator?

A

To transport or store grain

75
Q

What are 4 advantages of road transport?

A

Roads link directly (Door to door service)
More roads than railways
Road transport is cheaper and quicker over short distances
Delivery is more immediate as trains follow time tables

76
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of road transport?

A

Trucks cause traffic congestion as there are too many
Exhaust fumes cause pollution
There are more road accidents than rail accidents
Trucks carry less cargo

77
Q

What are 4 advantages of rail transport?

A

Many goods can be transported in one trip
Trains carry large bulky goods like coal, easily and cheaply
There is no congestion on the railway line
Trains run electricity, therefore, creating less pollution

78
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of rail transport?

A

Trains cannot travel up steep slopes
Trains cannot fo to many places on one journey
It takes time to load and off load a train
Trains do not go straight to and from users thus they need another form of transport as well

79
Q

What do transport networks include?

A

All the different kinds of transport in an are. The way they link together forms a network

80
Q

Why does the government subsidise transport?

A

This will reduce congestion and pollution
It improves travelling times in cities to support businesses, healthy good working times
This will save the government money, spent on building and repairing roads
This makes living and working in cities more pleasant

81
Q

What is the metrorail?

A

Commuter trains transport thousands of people to work and home everyday

82
Q

What is the Bus rapid transit system?

A

Rea Vaya “We are going”. Provides cheap, comfortable, frequent, and efficient bus transport. Is designed to link with rail and minibus routes

83
Q

What is the acronym for bus rapid transport system?

A

BRT

84
Q

What is the gautrain rapid rail link?

A

This high speed train takes commuters between Johannesburg and Pretoria in about 30 minutes

85
Q

What are 5 advantages of private transport?

A 
No unfamiliar people
Quicker 
Convenient
Freedom 
Safety
86
Q

What are 5 disadvantages of private transport?

A 
Its very expensive 
Pollution 
Road congestion 
Accidents 
Difficulty to find parking

Geography (3 decks)

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