Julies Lectures Flashcards
In what eon did plants evolve?
Silurian
What are the steps in evolution for plants?
Algae - Lignified - Woody - Secondary Growth - Cuticle - Evolution of Seeds - Fruit
What are the four extant plant species?
Bryohpytes, Seedless Vascular Plants, Gymnosperns, Angiosperms
What don’t gymnosperms produce?
Seeds or flowers
What is the requirement for a species?
Must disperse in space and reproduce
Why is sex not ubititiqous?
Things like bacteria reproduce without sex
What are the three animal domains?
Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryota
What are the four Kindom domains?
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
What is the life cycle for plants?
Meiosis - Gameotophyte - Gameotogenesis - Syngamy - zygote - sporophyte
What is the product of meiosis in plants?
Spores
Why do plants differ?
They differ because they spend different times in each stage of life
What is a plant called in terms of its life cycle?
Haplodiploidtonic
What are three examples of a bryophyte?
Hornworts, liveworts, moss
What plant is gameteophyte dominant?
Moss
What are some elements of a moss plant, which place it in the bryophyte category of plants?
Lacks a cuticle, Leaves have no true vascular tissue, Cells are undifferentiated
What is the role of rhiozoids for the moss plant?
Anchor the moss to the earth
What three reproductive products of a plants life cycle are identical?
Spores, gametophyte, gametes
What part of the moss plant produces gametes?
Gametangia
What is the role of splash cups?
These are modified leaves which enclose around the gametangia. They collect water
What part of a plant produces spores?
Archagonian
What type of zygote do bryophyte plants produce?
Unbranched Sporophyte with sporangium
What are some key innovations of the seedless vascular plant?
Sporophyte dominant. Sporophytes can branch, Sporophyte have vascular tissue.
What is heterospory?
A plant having larger spores giving rise to females and smaller spores giving rise to males
What tissue allows ferns to grow tall?
Vascular tissue
What is spori?
Clusters of sporangia on a fern
What are gametangia and why are they on the bottom side of the leaf?
They are gamete producers. They rely on water in order to collect sperm and become fertilized
What are the ferns sex organisms? Which one matures first?
Antheredia - male mature first
Archagonia - female
What is a homospore?
A sole type of spore on a plant
What are the key characteristics of Gymnosperms?
Naked seed. Further reduction of the gametophyte stage. Sperm lose flagella (can reporduce without water) Secondary growth
What is a seed?
A mature ovule containing an embryo
Where is the female gametophyte in a gymnosperm?
Sporangium on sporophyte
What is the gymnosperm seeded coated in? What are some advantages of this?
3 generations. food store, prolongs survival, easily transported.
What is the ovule?
A device which gives rise to and contains female reproductive cells
What are the parts of an ovule?
Integument - outer layer
Nucleus - remenant of megasporium
Female gametophyte - formed from haploid monophyte - in centre
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen grains from pollen sack to ovule
What are advantages of the gymnosperm being able to grow tall?
Pollen dispersal, Seed dispersal, Light Competition. Has to deal with dessicaiton
What type of leaves do gymnosperms have?
Xerophyte leaves
What are characteristics of angiosperms?
Diverse, 1 phylum, most recently evolved, most derived
What are three examples of angiosperms?
Carnivorous, Autotrophic, Parasitic, Myconeterotrophic
Where is ovule stored in an angiosperm?
Ovary - fruit
How many intuegumen does an angiosperm have?
2
What are some key innovations of angiosperms?
Flowers, fruits, loss of gametangia, phloem have companion cells
Where are pollen sacks located in angiosperms?
Stamen
What holds pollen sacks in angiosperms?
Anthers
What are fruit?
Mature ovary containing seed
What type of ploidy is a embryo sac?
Triploid
What is an endosporum?
Seed storage tissue
What are heterotrophs?
Require food
What is the structural filaments of fungi?
hyphae
What is Saprotrophic?
Break down things external to the body and absorb it
What are the two types of hypha?
Septate, Coenocytic
What is the role of septum?
Break up cell walls. Make them stronger
What is a sporocarp?
Mushroom as a spore producer for fungi
What is mycelium?
Network of hyphae
What is flagella?
Whip like extrusions from cell body
What is thalli?
body of the fundi - usually a mycelium
What are the spores of chytrids?
zoospores
What is the ploidy of asexual chytrid spores?
2n
What is Heterokaryosis?
The state of having 2 or more genetically different nuclei in the same cell
What is plasmogamy?
The fusing of two cells cytoplasm
What is Karyogamy?
The fusing of two cells nuclei
What is a binucleate cell?
It is a cell with n + n. It is neither haploid nor diploid
What are the spores of Zygomycota called?
Zygosporangia
