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Biology 113 > Julies Lectures > Flashcards

Julies Lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

In what eon did plants evolve?

A

Silurian

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2
Q

What are the steps in evolution for plants?

A

Algae - Lignified - Woody - Secondary Growth - Cuticle - Evolution of Seeds - Fruit

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3
Q

What are the four extant plant species?

A

Bryohpytes, Seedless Vascular Plants, Gymnosperns, Angiosperms

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4
Q

What don’t gymnosperms produce?

A

Seeds or flowers

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5
Q

What is the requirement for a species?

A

Must disperse in space and reproduce

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6
Q

Why is sex not ubititiqous?

A

Things like bacteria reproduce without sex

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7
Q

What are the three animal domains?

A

Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryota

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8
Q

What are the four Kindom domains?

A

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

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9
Q

What is the life cycle for plants?

A

Meiosis - Gameotophyte - Gameotogenesis - Syngamy - zygote - sporophyte

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10
Q

What is the product of meiosis in plants?

A

Spores

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11
Q

Why do plants differ?

A

They differ because they spend different times in each stage of life

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12
Q

What is a plant called in terms of its life cycle?

A

Haplodiploidtonic

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13
Q

What are three examples of a bryophyte?

A

Hornworts, liveworts, moss

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14
Q

What plant is gameteophyte dominant?

A

Moss

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15
Q

What are some elements of a moss plant, which place it in the bryophyte category of plants?

A

Lacks a cuticle, Leaves have no true vascular tissue, Cells are undifferentiated

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16
Q

What is the role of rhiozoids for the moss plant?

A

Anchor the moss to the earth

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17
Q

What three reproductive products of a plants life cycle are identical?

A

Spores, gametophyte, gametes

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18
Q

What part of the moss plant produces gametes?

A

Gametangia

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19
Q

What is the role of splash cups?

A

These are modified leaves which enclose around the gametangia. They collect water

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20
Q

What part of a plant produces spores?

A

Archagonian

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21
Q

What type of zygote do bryophyte plants produce?

A

Unbranched Sporophyte with sporangium

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22
Q

What are some key innovations of the seedless vascular plant?

A

Sporophyte dominant. Sporophytes can branch, Sporophyte have vascular tissue.

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23
Q

What is heterospory?

A

A plant having larger spores giving rise to females and smaller spores giving rise to males

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24
Q

What tissue allows ferns to grow tall?

A

Vascular tissue

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25
Q

What is spori?

A

Clusters of sporangia on a fern

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26
Q

What are gametangia and why are they on the bottom side of the leaf?

A

They are gamete producers. They rely on water in order to collect sperm and become fertilized

27
Q

What are the ferns sex organisms? Which one matures first?

A

Antheredia - male mature first

Archagonia - female

28
Q

What is a homospore?

A

A sole type of spore on a plant

29
Q

What are the key characteristics of Gymnosperms?

A

Naked seed. Further reduction of the gametophyte stage. Sperm lose flagella (can reporduce without water) Secondary growth

30
Q

What is a seed?

A

A mature ovule containing an embryo

31
Q

Where is the female gametophyte in a gymnosperm?

A

Sporangium on sporophyte

32
Q

What is the gymnosperm seeded coated in? What are some advantages of this?

A

3 generations. food store, prolongs survival, easily transported.

33
Q

What is the ovule?

A

A device which gives rise to and contains female reproductive cells

34
Q

What are the parts of an ovule?

A

Integument - outer layer
Nucleus - remenant of megasporium
Female gametophyte - formed from haploid monophyte - in centre

35
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen grains from pollen sack to ovule

36
Q

What are advantages of the gymnosperm being able to grow tall?

A

Pollen dispersal, Seed dispersal, Light Competition. Has to deal with dessicaiton

37
Q

What type of leaves do gymnosperms have?

A

Xerophyte leaves

38
Q

What are characteristics of angiosperms?

A

Diverse, 1 phylum, most recently evolved, most derived

39
Q

What are three examples of angiosperms?

A

Carnivorous, Autotrophic, Parasitic, Myconeterotrophic

40
Q

Where is ovule stored in an angiosperm?

A

Ovary - fruit

41
Q

How many intuegumen does an angiosperm have?

A

2

42
Q

What are some key innovations of angiosperms?

A

Flowers, fruits, loss of gametangia, phloem have companion cells

43
Q

Where are pollen sacks located in angiosperms?

A

Stamen

44
Q

What holds pollen sacks in angiosperms?

A

Anthers

45
Q

What are fruit?

A

Mature ovary containing seed

46
Q

What type of ploidy is a embryo sac?

A

Triploid

47
Q

What is an endosporum?

A

Seed storage tissue

48
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Require food

49
Q

What is the structural filaments of fungi?

A

hyphae

50
Q

What is Saprotrophic?

A

Break down things external to the body and absorb it

51
Q

What are the two types of hypha?

A

Septate, Coenocytic

52
Q

What is the role of septum?

A

Break up cell walls. Make them stronger

53
Q

What is a sporocarp?

A

Mushroom as a spore producer for fungi

54
Q

What is mycelium?

A

Network of hyphae

55
Q

What is flagella?

A

Whip like extrusions from cell body

56
Q

What is thalli?

A

body of the fundi - usually a mycelium

57
Q

What are the spores of chytrids?

A

zoospores

58
Q

What is the ploidy of asexual chytrid spores?

A

2n

59
Q

What is Heterokaryosis?

A

The state of having 2 or more genetically different nuclei in the same cell

60
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

The fusing of two cells cytoplasm

61
Q

What is Karyogamy?

A

The fusing of two cells nuclei

62
Q

What is a binucleate cell?

A

It is a cell with n + n. It is neither haploid nor diploid

63
Q

What are the spores of Zygomycota called?

A

Zygosporangia

Biology 113 (2 decks)

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