Joseph Hall Flashcards
What is the glass test used for?
Push a glass against the rash, if you can see the rash through the glass the test is positive for a petechial rash.
What is the relationship between appetite and sickness?
Release of IL-18 cytokine
Binds to receptors on the BST-LH (bed nucleus of the stria terminalis- lateral hypothalamus) neuronal pathway, which interferes with GABA and glutamate release.
This means that the lateral hypothalamus isn’t stimulated enough, so we do not feel as hungry.
Bacteria need glucose, by not eating we reduce availability for them
At what age is the liver palpable till in children?
Should be palpable in newborns for 2cm, >3.5cm is cause for concern
Gap gradually decreases
10-16 under 1cm can be felt
How to classify non-blanching and petechial rashes?
Non-blanching rashes are caused by bleeding under the skin. Petechiae are small (< 3mm), non blanching, red spots on the skin caused by burst capillaries.
Purpura are larger (3 – 10mm) non-blanching, red-purple, macules or papules created by leaking of blood from vessels under the skins.
5 ddx for petechial rashes
meningococcal septicaemia HSP ITP Acute leukaemia HUS mechanical traumatic viral illness e.g influenza
5 causes of lymphadenopathy (MIAMI)
Malignancy Infection Autoimmune Miscellaneous Iatrogenic
3 types of anaemia?
microcytic
normocytic
macrocytic
5 ddx for macrocytic anaemia
acute GI bleeding trauma iron, B12, folate deficiency leukaemia pregnancy
5 causes of hepatomegaly
inflammation infiltration obstruction storage abnormalities vascular congestion
5 causes of splenomegaly
• Alcohol induced • Hepatic steatosis • Tumours • Haemolytic anaemia • SCA • Acute anaemia • Malaria • TB • Viral hepatitis • Infective endocarditis • Leukaemia • Lymphoma •
4 emergencies associated with childhood malignancy
o SVC syndrome- caused by compression or obstruction of the SVC usually as a result of a thrombosis or mass
o Spinal cord compression- mass or tumour pressing on the spinal cord, weakness, gait abnormalities, numbness etc.
o Tumour lysis syndrome- when a tumour cell dies and releases potassium, phosphates and nucleic acids into the blood stream. This leads to hyperuricemia and hypocalcaemia. Usually seen in ALL and high-grade lymphomas. Symptoms include decreased urine output, respiratory distress, oedema, nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps and twitching, cardiac arrhythmias.
o Septic shock
what is myeloma?
tumour comprised of plasma cells
2 proteins detectable in myeloma?
paraprotein
Bence-Jones proteins
why do you get renal failure in myeloma?
proteins get stuck in the kidneys
4 symptoms of myeloma
pain, fatigue, recurring infections, kidney damage, peripheral neuropathy